History, The Bourgeoisie, The Proletariat, and Communism Essay

Karl Marx begins the first chapter of his The Communist Manifesto with the opening line: â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles† (ch. 1). Underlying all of history is this fundamental economic theme, that each society has its own economic structure which breeds different classes—â€Å"a manifold gradation of social rank,† he calls it (ch. 1). These classes inevitably becomes in conflict with each other—that because of their economic structure, some class becomes the oppressors while others become the oppressed. He argued that the oppressors and oppressed â€Å"stood in constant opposition to one another†¦ on an uninterrupted†¦ fight†¦ that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (ch. 1). He described his time as a struggle between two classes: the Bourgeoisie and the Ploretariat. Marx claims that the modern bourgeois society of his time has not helped to remove, although have simplified, clash antagonisms, but had, instead, â€Å"established new classes, new conditions of oppression, [and] new forms of struggle in place of the old ones† (ch. 1). He saw the bourgeoisie as a â€Å"product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange,† and that each step of its development â€Å"was accompanied by a corresponding political advance† (ch. 1). He claims that the â€Å"executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie,† that it â€Å"cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society† (ch. 1). He said that it has torn the â€Å"feudal ties that bound men to his ‘natural superiors,’ and has left no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest† (ch. 1). He goes on to explain that the bourgeoisie draws all nation into civilization with all the rapid improvements of production and by the immensely facilitated means of communication. However, he claims that they create â€Å"a world after its own image,† that is, for all nations to adopt the bourgeois mode of production. The bougeiosie, according to Marx, has â€Å"created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life† but that it has also â€Å"concentrated property in a few hands† (ch. 1). He argued that â€Å"for many a decade past the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeoisie and of its rule† (ch. 1). At the end, he states that â€Å"its existence is no longer compatible with society† and is unfit to be the ruling class of society since â€Å"it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery† (ch. 1). The proletarians, on the other hand, are, during Marx’s time, the modern working class—â€Å"a class of labourers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their labour increases capital† (Marx ch. 1). Marx claims that the proletarians lost its individual character and charm because of the extensive use of machinery and of the division of labour. They have become an â€Å"appendage of the machines. † He said that lobourers are commodities which are â€Å"expensive to use† but are exploited by the bougeoisie. Marx explains that the proletariat began its struggle as soon as this class was created, at first as an induvidual struggle of the laborer, and later groups of workers. Workers before were still disorganized, divided by goegraphy and by competition with one another. Marx claims that when workers first formed unions, they did so under the influence of the bourgeois and served to further the objectives of the bourgeoisie. The distinction between workers was obliterated due to the wages being reduced to low level. As the proletariat increased in numbers and concentrated in greater mass by forming Trade Unions, they also increased in strenght and local struggles were centralized into one national struggle between classes. Marx further explains that â€Å"the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class,† that other classes are conservatives or reactionary that fight against the bourgeoisie in order to â€Å"save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle class† (ch. 1). Because proletarians have nothing of their own to secure, Marx claims that their mission is â€Å"to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property† (ch. 1). The proletarian movement, Marx further explains, â€Å"is the self-concious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority† (ch. 1). Marx explains that the Communist Party points out and addresses the common interests of the entire proletariat, in their national struggles in different countries, independent of nationality, and represents the interests of the working class in the various stages of development it has to pass through from the struggle against the bourgeoisie. The Communist Party, therefore, still according to Marx, is the most advanced, resolute section â€Å"of the working-class of every country, that section which pushes forward all others† (ch. 2). It has the same aim as that of all the other proletarian parties, which is to overthrow the bourgeois supremacy and to seek its own political power. Marx goes on to explain that the abolition of existing property relations is not a distinctive feature of Communism, that the feature of Communism is not the abolition of property in general, but the abolition of the bourgeois property, which is, according to him, â€Å"the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products† (Marx ch. 2). Simply put, Marx states that Communism is a struggle that aims for the â€Å"abolition of private property. † Communism would like to abolish the conception that the labourer merely lives to increase capital, and is allowed only to live insofar as the interest of the ruling class requires it; that labour is meant to widen, enrich and promote the existence of the labourer is what the Communism is fighting for. Communism is, in a way, a struggle of the lower strata of the society against the upper strata. However, it is not a personal struggle of the poor against the rich, it is a societal and political struggle for equality of appropriation of property. Marx explains that â€Å"Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labour of others by means of such appropriation† (ch. 2). With its teachings and goals, labour groups and lower working class would have found The Communist Manifesto appealing. The Capitalists, of course, would not have found it appealing, as the manifesto seeks to destroy their current stature and their self-interest would be compromized. On the other hand, Communism would seek to empower labour groups and they would find it all to their advantage to support its cause. The Industrial Revolution has created a majority lower class workers, many of whom lived in poverty under terrible working conditions. The Communist Manifesto calls on all labourers to unite, promising them a better life sprouting from a better world.

Let There Be Light

Electric Compass' were used 3. At is a good conductor of electricity electron 4. Not until after Mechanics 5. Magnetic compass 6. (Tape notes in notebook) Some things attract, others repel. All objects fall and move with respect to gravity. 7. Benjamin Franklin 8. A fundamental element Of mass 9. Like repel, different attract 10. Far apart- hard to tell they are attracting, close together-easy to notice. 11. They both have like currents and likes repel, opposites attract but magnets eave poles not charges.They are still positive and negative. 12. In one direction there I am electric field and in another magnetic, they work together 13. Friction at a distance 14. Attraction would change instantaneously Nothing can travel faster than light 15. 16. The field of force 17. It is the field that tells two objects how to interact 18. The earth's mass is so big that it barely moves 19. Action at a distance is every part of the earth pulling at an object. Whereas a field of force is better bec ause it creates a field for a disturbance to travel wrought. 0. They are centered around something and the farther away from it the weaker the field. 21 . Everything is pulled to the center. The farther from the center the weaker the force. 22. Electric charges in the center 23. In my notebook 24. Because this is our earth, it surrounds us completely 25. Electric generator, electromagnet, electric motor 26. A generator uses motion to make electricity. A motor uses electricity to make motion. 27. Moving it, moving a coil, turning an electromagnet on and off 28. Energy, mass, weather, volts, compounds 9.Credit card, electricity 30. He thought that it was this way and used common sense to then propose this idea. 31 . Electricity make magnetism and magnetism makes electricity 32. The second synthesis is putting magnetism and electricity together as described in Maxwell equations. 33. Because electromagnetism is one of them 34. 35. We are causing a disturbance in the air; predicted waves , speed of waves 36. Because visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels through a field. Light travels in fields.

Accessing the Online Student Edition of the Glencoe IPC Textbook

Accessing the Online Student Edition of the Glencoe IPC Textbook Go to www. glencoe. com Select Texas from the pull-down â€Å"state† box Click student/parent Select â€Å"science† from the pull-down menu Click enter Select Texas Science Select the first book: Introduction to Texas Integrated Physics and Chemistry The following URL should appear in the address bar http://www. glencoe. com/sites/texas/student/science/index. html Put your cursor over the â€Å"Online Student Edition† and you will get a roll-over menu:Sample Full Version Select â€Å"Full Version† and type in the following: Select â€Å"Contents in Brief† Select â€Å"Table of Contents† At this point you will be able to navigate throughout the book. The other features can be accessed in a similar manner. Accessing the Online Student Edition of the Glencoe IPC Textbook Go to www. glencoe. com Select Texas from the pull-down â€Å"state† box Click student/parent Select â₠¬Å"science† from the pull-down menu Click enter Select Texas ScienceSelect the first book: Introduction to Texas Integrated Physics and Chemistry The following URL should appear in the address bar http://www. glencoe. com/sites/texas/student/science/index. html Put your cursor over the â€Å"Online Student Edition† and you will get a roll-over menu: Sample Full Version Select â€Å"Full Version† and type in the following: TXIPC 9UKASp73hu Select â€Å"Contents in Brief† Select â€Å"Table of Contents† At this point you will be able to navigate throughout the book. The other features can be accessed in a similar manner.

A rose for emily by Faulkner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A rose for emily by Faulkner - Research Paper Example Since the story takes place in the 1930s, the government was not very serious in investigating matters affecting the society. Immoral acts took place in the presence of government watch. However, the government has changed its ways of operation since the 1900s. It has included inclusion of the intelligence service that gathers data before an atrocity has happened. The story symbolizes the failure of the society to accept change occurring and uses Emily as he symbol to reveal immorality in the society. According to Faulkner after the war, the Southerners resisted to change by clinging to their past instead of adopting the new ways and techniques of doing things. This led to the reconstruction era in the United Sates history where the rebellious Southerners were helped to get out of slavery. This act reveals many societies in our day-to-day life. Up to date, there are increased populations of the Black Americans in the Southern Sates of the United States increased due to rebellious cit izens. Some communities currently prefer to stick to their outdated ways, cultural beliefs and customs. In the story of â€Å"A rose for Emily,† is a symbol of the ‘inner circle’ of development. ... This is evident when the writer says, â€Å"Only now Miss Emily's house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and gasoline pump-a eyesore among eyesores" (Faulkner 9). The statement reveals that the south had been living in the dark without technology or new ideas or ways of doing things. The dark moments in the society are reflected in the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† when Emily decides to lock herself inside the house after her fathers death. Emily behaves in a way that surprises her societies members who had come pay respect to her dead father but instead of being in a mourning state she acts as if nothing had happened. She then reveals the dark side moment of the town people when she intentionally refuses to pay taxes and refers people as a man who has been dead for ten years (Faulkner 10). The societies are less concerned about the issue and she does no go to jail. In comparison to the present world, action is taken to the indiv iduals who neglect paying the taxes. The town people do not take any action because is a reflective symbol of society and its old and unenlightened ways of handling issues concerning the society and its economy. These acts reflect how the society is not ready to let go of the wicked old ways. The story also reflects the old day practices by overlooking on the issue of house numbers and mailboxes are being implemented and issued in town. Emily refuses to have them and plans to stick to the old malpractices. Moreover, when the next generation starts ruling over the town with their modern ideas, the issue creates dissatisfaction to some individuals within the society. Some of the southerners stick to the old south ideas. This is evident where Emily is giving China painting lessons to the children most

Auditing and Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Auditing and Accounting Ethics - Essay Example The act suggests undertaking continuous rotation of audit partners. It also emphasises increased financial reporting and imposes limits on certain non-audit services. The Sarbanes-Oxley act suggests reducing the economic interdependence of auditor and client. The economic rent provided to the auditors can only be gained as a result of long lasting relation ship between the auditor and the client, this condition in turn acts as a hindrance in the way of auditor to act independently. The threat of lawsuits often act as a motivator for the auditors to act independently as inefficient or unfair performance can result in shape of judicial action against auditors. In most of the studies undertaken it has been observed that the higher degree of threat to the auditors independence leads to authentic opinion. Its also found that auditor does not tend to change their decision with the varying degree of independence but change the decision process. i) Difference in the social and cultural value s: Standard setting is a crucial process, which includes change. Some societies have open and flexible culture, which keeps on transforming with the time. But on the other hand closed societies have relatively rigid culture. The acceptance level of change in these societies is very low. In the case of the global harmonisation of standards a country adopting the International standards cannot complete the picture. In most of the studies undertaken it has been observed that the higher degree of threat to the auditors independence.

Producing the financial statements Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Producing the financial statements - Coursework Example Producing the financial statements Building an engine factory needs substantial cash outlay in terms of capital. Capital items don’t go to the income statement unless in terms of financial cost like interest so the statement may be un affected but the financial position will be affected as money moves from the bank/cash for construction and to be eventually capitalized. Loans are relatively easy to acquire if there is collateral available but is a rather expensive mode of financing due to the ever increasing interest rates. Using retained earnings to finance is cheap and efficient but the disadvantage is that it will starve the company of liquidity needed to finance daily operations. If VW ceased operations in China, this will result in a 31 percent fall in sales which was attributed to the Chinese market in the last financial results. There will be a further loss of 9.6 bn Euros that is attributed to joint ventures. G.M’s net income of 595 million dollars that is derived from the Chinese market will also be lost. The recall caused a charge of 3.1 billion dollars on the income of G.M. The production expenses would certainly go down and hence increased productivity. The market being exited will experience direct and indirect job losses while the opposite will be the case for the market being entered. Shareholders are always concerned with the return on their investment and if this action results in a gain on their share value, the shareholders will be more than glad but if the share value does not appreciate then they will not be amused.

Rebekah Nathan's My Freshman Year Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rebekah Nathan's My Freshman Year - Essay Example Thus leaves the profoundest question that the book infers: 'Is it plausible for teachers and professors to influence the dominant student culture' The question then becomes, 'why would the professors of today want to influence student behavior and thinking' From Rebekah Nathan's research which steers clear of criticism, I see clearly three main reasons for wanting to affect change in the minds of students: one is the ignorance of world affairs and peoples; the other is the materialism that marks modern American priorities; and the third being the apparent lack of discipline and integrity in the more honorable precepts of what a higher school of learning is for in the first place. Some of the more profound research that Rebekah Nathan conducted was her interviews with minority students in revealing the lack of knowledge American students have of worldliness and in relating with other people outside of the dominant culture. Comments made by American freshman students such as, "Is Japan in China" or "Is it North Korea of South Korea that has a dictator" and even, "Where exactly is India" amazed international students (Nathan 84). In regards to friendships with people from other races, minorities were not so easily befriended by American students. A student from France noted, "Friendship is very surface-defined here. It is easy to get to know people, but the friendship is superficial. We wouldn't even call it a friendship. In France, when you're someone's friend, you're their friend for life" (Nathan 75). Many other examples from students around the world felt this way too. One student was befuddled that nobody ever even asked him about the country in which he c ame from. I believe that American students need to improve in their interest, acceptance, and knowledge of people from around the world and to understand that America is not the center of the world. Another deterrent from students developing more substantial relationships appears to be because of technology and America's strong views of independence and freedom. For example, many students communicate by computer, even when they are in close proximity to each other; television and computer gaming is a typical activity shared that does not provide much opportunity for interaction; and, because everyone wants to be independent and free, students are finding it harder to commit to group related activities and causes. Rebekah Nathan portrays college to be both a rite of passage but essentially a jumping off place for acquiring a future job. In Rebekah Nathan's surveys and questioners it was only a select few individuals who stated their purpose for going to a university was to learn. The main reasons involved: future jobs, relationships, social interaction and fun. This leads us to the question Rebekah Nathan asks in so many indirect ways, 'Why are students coming to universities in the first place' More students are attending college then ever before; a privilege once reserved for the elite is now made possible to all. More modern-day students need to work while in school in order to pay for college. Student's time is limited and the debts wait at the end of college life with the hopes of landing the perfect job to pay off those debts. The reason for attending a university I understood from Rebekah Nathan's notes

(SMCR) Strategic Marketing- A Contemporary Review Essay

(SMCR) Strategic Marketing- A Contemporary Review - Essay Example A shop-window provides 24-hour advertising and creates and identity for the shop. Using celebrities as models has also been a successful marketing strategy. Advertising has always been an effective marketing strategy for fashion clothing. Creating and using catchy terminology to describe fashion apparel is a recent and effective trend in fashion marketing. PR events such as press and commercial events play a significant role in fashion marketing communications. Meeting sociological needs of the people like overweight, age and utility is an emerging trend. An example is the marketing of designer clothes for plus-size women. Building customer relationships can help create new customers and keep the old ones. A well-recognised brand name is the most valuable asset of any business. This can increase customer loyalty in the short term as well as retain substantial value long term. Lastly and most importantly, assuring employees that the organisation values their input is important for the success of any campaign. Marketing fashion is a process that ensures that the products, from the producers’ hands, reach the consumers’ hands by motivating the consumer to buy the products. However, marketers cannot coerce customers into buying and this is especially true for the fashion industry as evidenced by the failure of the Woolworths womenswear retail chain (Bohdanowicz & Clamp 1994, p.2). Marketers of fashion will have to consider all factors that influence the industry to ensure successful reception of products. While consumer preferences and utility would be the main factors to be considered while marketing fashion, with the increasing popularity for green products, social marketing strategies will have increased significance in fashion marketing in the coming decades. This report aims to analyse all marketing issues including those relating to

Nostalgia and the frontier Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nostalgia and the frontier - Assignment Example Since it introduced new changes into he society, it was fiercely opposed by the native populations. Meaning, it sparked a violent resistance from the natives who were threatened by the coming of these colonialists into their land. Such a version can appeal most to the scout who perceive America to be built from violent resistances. Initially, Americans were democratic people who believed in equality, peace and social order. This is the view of Turner in his highly regarded Frontier thesis in which he says that the Native American populations were peace-loving. At the same time, they were egalitarians who did not entertain selfishness, but believed in the sharing of resources amongst themselves. This was seen in the manner in which they managed land resources. In fact, it is because of this that the native Indian Americans believed in the free land system. After all, there was a vast land with numerous resources to exploit making it unnecessary for these natives to scramble for them. However, when the land was invaded by the colonialists, all these changed as a new social order was established. After the signing of numerous with the Europeans, the natives would soon find out that life would never be the same. As demonstrated by Buffalo Bill, violence had to erupt because the invasion opened a new frontier to the Indian Americans whose life had been confined within their geographical area. So, unlike before, they would be exposed to the western community and the rest of the world thus influencing them a great deal. Apart from introducing new economic systems, the frontier led to the establishment of the states. These were totally new developments that had to be defended. All in all, the ideas expressed by the boy scouts, Buffalo Bill Wild West shows and Westerns demonstrate that the frontier was indeed a new development that marked a big turning point in the lives of the Indian Americans. If it were not for it, these natives

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Eassy - Essay Example nt disadvantages of the said groups, I am of the opinion that schools sustain sororities and fraternities because the costs of their abolishment outweigh the shortcomings. In recent years, Greek sects have been plagued with negative publicity. For one, they encourage sexism and gender based stereotypes. Such stereotypes further escalate to the lethal levels of women discrimination (New par. 1). An institution of higher learning brings together intellects who have surpassed barbaric tendencies such as sex differences. They are supposed to coexist and blend with one another while appreciating each other’s societal roles. Ironically, fraternities and sororities only serve to counter that objective. Considering that they are same sex groups, they override the objectives of inclusiveness, creating a rift between equals. New (par. 1) recognizes the need to do away with the groups because of their salient trait of sexism. Additionally, clamping together of individuals of the same sex has the unwanted effect of encouraging abnormal sexual behavior. A fraternity group was suspended for erecting a poster that read, â€Å"No means yes, yes means analâ₠¬  (New par. 1). What that statement means is that unnatural acts are subsistent in the social setups of same sex persons. More than that, the openness with which the students profess their weird tendencies such as homosexuality vindicates the negative influence they receive from these groups. Sororities and fraternities have led to the outright creation of social misfits. Some students allied to these groups exhibit unnatural tendencies such as rape cases and or unnatural behavior (New par. 7). Universities that have a deeply rooted culture of Greek culture have been dragged into ceaseless court battles as students fall prey to the criminal elements subsistent in the alumni. A case in point is the rape case of a Wesleyan student in one of the fraternity houses, raising questions about the integrity of the fraternities.

OPINION LETTER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

OPINION LETTER - Essay Example Employers respond to the employees postings on Facebook with the threat of work termination but they have to evaluate whether they are breaking the law or not by firing a worker because of the utilization of social media. In response, worker who have been fired because of the use of social media have filed complaints with the NLRB arguing that they have been relieved of their jobs due to the utilization of social media especially Facebook. Other workers argue that the organizations have put in place policies that aim to frustrate their personal freedom of expression. The report from NLRB reveals that majority of Facebook users do not consider possible outcomes before they make any inflammatory posting on the site and their remarks about a certain attract much attention than they had expected. Employers on their part are firing workers who post inflammatory statements on Facebook on grounds that they are tarnishing the firm’s name with their irrational remarks or in simple manner, acting unprofessionally on social media sites. However, what they fail to understand is that employees or workers ramblings might be guarded by labor policies. A good case study about Facebook firings is the case concerning the medical technician. Souza Dawnmarie remarked on Facebook in 2010 how she liked how the firm permits a 17 to become a manager. In this case, she was referring to her employer at the head office in Hartford. The company (AMR) though the use of number 17 meant psychiatric patients. The case was in December 2009. The case was Souza v AMR firm. Despite the fact that Souza commented from the confines of her individual computer during after work hours, she was later fired for allegedly making inflammatory remarks about the company’s boss. She filed the case to NLRB and in February 2011, informed AMR firm that its laws hindering workers from making negative remarks on social

George Washington Essay Example for Free

George Washington Essay The shift of power in the late 1790’s by the Federalists can be attributed to different factor that had caused such incidents. In understanding this loss, the fall from power does not revolve around the hold of the government. Rather, it is the shift of ideas and reshaping of new interests that had led to the split of views among the American public and the rise of a new group who had a different view with the dominant Federalists. These changes began to manifest itself during George Washington’s tenure as president. Under his control, he had established a capable cabinet to address the current hurdles and obstacles surrounding American society during that time (Intelecom, n.d.). On one side, we can see Alexander Hamilton who seeks to redefine America’s policies and improve on the economy. On the other hand, his secretary of State; Thomas Jefferson, sees these scenarios as too much for central control. There are several issues surrounding this debate between Jefferson and Hamilton. Since the impeding issues of economic problems surrounding the country, there is now an argument surrounding creating a centralized bank that will facilitate these economic issues. However, this was hindered by Jefferson because such creation can undermine the overall capacity of the state to act on these problems (Intelcom, n.d.). At the same time, there is the issue surrounding national debt. Again, there are contrasting views surrounding its resolution. For the part of Jefferson, it is essential that the state pay off these debts and restart with policies that are debt-free which can in turn benefit the whole of the people. On the other hand, for Hamilton he believes that these debts should be hold on by the government. After this, he thinks to centralize these debt systems which shall be facilitated by the national treasury (Intelcom, n.d.). Though there were several arguments that have made a split in Washington’s cabinet, there was one important consolidation among the actors involved. This was choosing the appropriate capital for the central government. In here, it can be argued that Jefferson advocated the transfer of the central office to now Washington D.C. so as to prevent too much control of Federalists in a specific location. That is why choosing a neutral ground is an outcome that both parties especially Jefferson wanted (Intelcom, n.d.). Seeing these developments during the tenure of George Washington, the decline of Federalists power became evident during the formation of individuals who sought to control the level of centralization among other groups. Thus, this started the formation of the Republican Party and showcased a new wave towards redefining views concerning society, politics, and the economy (Intelcom, n.d.). This rise of the Republican party manifested itself after the presidency of George Washington in 1897.Though the head of office was gained by the Federalists, the vice-presidential position was attained by a member of the Republican party; Thomas Jefferson. Seeing this development, the country then saw for the first time two leaders who share opposing views concerning running a country. Such split is one indication of the end of the Federalists grasp of American politics. In the end, the loss of power and control of the Federalist Party resulted in different and contrasting views concerning political and economic politics. With the development of the Republican Party, it allowed the American public to have a choice on important and vital issues surrounding policies on domestic and foreign policy. Such idea catapulted a new wave of how politics and issues are addressed and administered by members of the government. Reference Intelecom (n.d.) Power Struggle Between Federalists and Republicans. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from, http://www.intelecomonline.net/VideoPlayer.aspx?Code=BDEF3032E99ACF2BD2D23910C9607455152966AE3C779225DA277C7DE3E7D3745F9D9FA44321A1B5C3BC82D441AC0566# Intelecom (n.d.) The Presidential Election of 1976. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from, http://www.intelecomonline.net/VideoPlayer.aspx?Code=BDEF3032E99ACF2BD2D23910C96074553A771997888BD3CE172D9718409283795AA3E4F7FDA67740E47B365B657B11DF#

Mutagenicity of Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) Decoction

Mutagenicity of Makahiya (Mimosa Pudica) Decoction Chapter I BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Plants have been a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health, and the use of herbal plants as pharmacological treatments of diseases began long ago. A lot of people who are below the poverty line cannot afford the high cost of commercial synthetic medicines from drugstores and thus opt to use local plants within their reach since these can be obtained readily, cheaply and entail easy preparation and application (Racadio, 2008). Mimosa pudica Linn, which is known as â€Å"Makahiya† in Filipino, is a popular ornamental plant, as its leaves fold up when stimulated by touch, heat or wind (Balag-ey, 2009). It is considered as a common weed that abundantly grows here in the Philippines. Aside from ornamental purposes, local folks use the decoction of the plant for relief from common illnesses, such as asthma, dysentery, dysmenorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, cough, fever, sore throat and a lot more (Castillo, et. al. 2005). One of the major concerns these days on the safety of plant extracts, is their mutagenicity. Mutagenicity refers to a chemical or physical agent’s capacity to cause mutations or genetic alterations. The identification of plant extracts with chemicals or compounds capable of inducing mutations is crucial since mutagenic compounds can potentially induce cancer (Ming, 2014). Makahiya has been discovered to contain mimosine. Mimosine is a toxic alkaloid that possesses an antimitotic activity that blocks the cell cycle and inhibits DNA synthesis (Xuan, et. al., 2013) thus might cause genomic instability. This may be a factor that leads to the onset of genetic mutations. So far, a study done by Jadhav et.al in 2013 shows that Mimosa pudica seeds, after S9 metabolic activation were found to be mutagenic and significant. Based on this premise, the researchers conducted a similar study, but instead of focusing on just the seeds of the plant, the researchers used the whole plant. Most importantly, this study utilized the decoction extract of the plant since this is the one being used by the local folks. Furthermore, the Muta-chromoplate kit was used instead of the standard Ames test used by Jadhav et.al. Objectives of the Study This study aimed to identify the mutagenicity of Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) decoction and fresh ethanolic extract using Muta-ChromoplateTM kit. Specific Objectives 1. To determine the number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain using: a. decoction with S-9 activation b. decoction without S-9 activation c. fresh ethanolic extract with S-9 activation d. fresh ethanolic extract without S-9 activation 2. To interpret the number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain utilizing 0.05 level of significance in the following preparations: a. decoction with S-9 activation b. decoction without S-9 activation c. fresh ethanolic extract with S-9 activation d. fresh ethanolic extract without S-9 activation Null Hypothesis No Hypothesis No Hypothesis Significance of the Study This study is essential and beneficial to the following: Society. The people will be equipped with more information and be aware of the mutagenicity of Makahiya as herbal medicine. Most specifically, they will be aware of the safety of the decoction preparation of the said herb as it is commonly used in a decocted form. Department of Health. With the understanding of the study, the Department of Health will be able to utilize the findings and disseminate information to the people in the City of Davao regarding the mutagenicity of the usage of Makahiya. Researchers. The study may serve as an avenue in enhancing the skills of the researcher, specifically on scientific inquiry. Moreover, this study may guide the researchers to explore further studies on the mutagenicity of Makahiya. Future Researchers. This study may provide invaluable knowledge, values, and expertise in performing research studies among future researchers if and when they plan to conduct a similar study. This study will be helpful when conducting a scientific inquiry on the problems or issues related to the mutagenicity of Makahiya. Scope and Limitations The scope of this experimental study was the determination of the mutagenicity of the decoction and fresh ethanolic extract of Makahiya. The herb was gathered in Davao City and the extracts were prepared in Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc. laboratory, Dr. A. Gahol Street, Bajada, Davao City. There was no utilization of animals as testing subjects. Rather, Muta-Chromo Plate Kit with Salmonella tyhimirium TA100 strain, which was based on the reverse-mutation test, known as â€Å"Ames Test† was used and provided by the EBPI Company. Also, the S9 enzyme activation was through the use of a crude liver extract provided in the kit. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of this study was based on a test developed by Bruce Ames, commonly known as the Ames test. In the study conducted by Ames et al. in 1975 (as cited in Razak et al, 2007) they used a test that utilizes a bacterial strain of the Salmonella typhimurium as tool to detect mutations. These S. typhimurium strains also have other characteristics that enhance their ability to detect mutations. Mutation in the histidine biosynthesis gene makes the cell wall of the bacteria more permeable to large molecules. Mutation in a gene responsible for proper excision and repair of DNA damage increases their sensitivity to mutagens. The strains of S. typhimurium are known as auxotrophs which mean that they are unable to produce a required nutrient. The test organism cannot synthesize the amino acid histidine, thus, it will not grow unless the nutrient is supplied in the growth media.Auxotrophs are usually produced as a result of a mutation that occurs in a prototroph, a bacterium that is able to synthesize the particular nutrient. The Ames’ test determines the ability of a tested substance to cause a reversal, also called a back-mutation of these auxotrophs to the original prototrophic state. During the test, auxotrophs are grown in glucose-minimal salts agar plates that contained all required nutrients but only trace amounts of histidine and biotin. The auxotrophs are able to grow for several generations until the histidine in the media was exhausted. This time they will stop growing unless they have sustained a back-mutation that has restored their ability to synthesize histidine. Suspected mutagenic substances were tested for their ability to stimulate back- mutations by placement set on the surface of the minimal agar plates previously inoculated with the auxotroph. The test substance diffused into the surrounding media and, if mutagenic, would induce back-mutations which would then allow growth into visible colonies. The more revertants observed near the test substance, relative to experimental controls, the more mutagenic the substance was likely to be. Conceptual Framework The study aimed to determine the mutagenic activity of decoction and fresh ethanolic extract of Makahiya on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain which involved substitution, addition, or deletion of one or a few DNA base pairs. The independent variables were the decoction and fresh ethanolic extract of Makahiya. The dependent variable was the number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain, with and without the addition of the S9 activation enzyme. Independent Variables Dependent Variables Makahiya (M. pudica) Decoction Fresh Ethanolic Extract Number of wells with color change per plate of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain: With S-9 enzyme activation Without S-9 enzyme activation Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the study Definition of Terms Ames test.  A test used to determine the mutagenic potential of a substance based on the mutation rate of bacteria that were exposed to the substance. Decoction.  A method that involves boiling in order to extract a plant substance. Fresh ethanolic extract. Extract collected from M. pudica through the use of dilution with 95% ethyl alcohol followed by rotary evaporation process. Makahiya.  Scientific name,Mimosa pudica. The plant sample used in this study. Muta-ChromePlateTM. A 96-well micro-plate version of the Salmonella typhimurium â€Å"Ames Test Mutagenicity.  The capacity to induce mutation. Salmonella typhimurium.  The strain used for the Ames test. It carries mutant gene that prevents them from synthesizing the essential amino acid histidine from the ingredients in standard bacterial culture medium S-9 enzyme. S-9 is a crude liver enzyme extract utilized to mimic mammalian metabolism. This enzyme is purchased together with the kit.

Impact of Social Media on Political Campaigns

Impact of Social Media on Political Campaigns Introduction: The coming of the computerized period and the ascent of online networking have changed the way political battles are pursued. Ten years prior, the idea of making a moment fight gift with one touch on your cell phone was impossible. Engineering has changed how we finished essentially everything in our every day to day lÄÂ ±fe, so it’s no amaze that it is converting the political scene, from online notice focusing to web voting. The Social Media Since youthful voters discovered they could friend Barack Obama on Facebook all around the 2008 choices, internet organizing has gotten instilled in the way we think about political talk. Government authorities and tech evangelists much the same see it as the best approach to an alternate kind of administrative issues: Fight and seekers can charm locals, empower grassroots cooperation, and distinguishing offering order with the prompt data of a Tweeting electorate. The unpreventable impacts, positive masterminds’ battle, will be a sort of automated prevalent government, portrayed by a closer, more objective relationship between the picked powers and their constituents. Be that as it may interpersonal interaction, in the same path as any conceivable unit, could be used to break down fame based practices as well. Scott Tan won the race in light of a blended pack of segments, yet Eni Mustafaraj and Panagiotis Metaxes of Wellseley School, who chronicled the event, assumed that the declaration of against Coakley messages through interpersonal associations highlighted future chances for a little division of the people to catch the reliability of a web crawler and multiply their messages to a tremendous social affair of individuals to no end, with little effort, and without take after. While the strikes on Coakley were needy upon a fundraiser she finished to make sure hold in Washington, encouraged by lobbyists with social protection clients, its possible the same frameworks could be used to spread out and out misleading around a contender. Filippo Menczer, Copartner Educator of Informatics and PC Science at the Indiana School, Bloomington, serves as the fundamental master for Truthy, an examination wander focused on accompanying the spread of pictures on the web. Named after Stephen Colberts from-the-gut truthiness, the Truthy aggregation uses a computation indigent upon race specific critical words and state of brain markers a sort of evaluation examination a whole lot much the same to the one used at the School of Indiana to anticipate changes in the portion exchanging framework to go hand in hand with political trickery battles on Twitter. The Truthy aggregation, propelled by the Massachusetts choice, decided to track progressed Astroturf campaigns all around race years. People are, undoubtedly controlled without recognizing it in light of the fact that a pic could be given minute overall pervasiveness by a high web hunt apparatus positioning, in this way supporting a misleading. On the off chance that you contemplate what measure of putting an advancement on TV costs, you could pay a gatekeeper of people to post fake information and push it through interpersonal associations, says Menczer, who, considering his examination, anticipates future control of the Twitter round for political expansions. Its a kind of information pollution. Spamming on interpersonal associations has insignificant exertion and has the likelihood to affect a enormous measure of people. From the point of view of some individual running for office, it could be crazy NOT to use this schema. An alternate examination of how the battles are using modernized instruments to talk clearly with voters-bypassing the channel of expected media-finds that the Obama campaign presented very nearly four times on the degree that as the Romney fight and was vivified on about twice as various stages. Obamas mechanized substance moreover affected more response from individuals as a rule twofold the measure of parts, points of view and comments of his posts. The investigation of the immediate informing of the applicants additionally uncovers something about the contentions the two sides were utilizing to win voters. Why is social media a success? Social networking made a few advances in the 2008 decision, with the Obama fight utilizing Facebook to raise volunteer contributor arranges and actuate the base. In three short years, in any case, social networking has advanced so drastically, and gets to be so pervasive in everyday life for doubtlessly voters, that the fledging strategies sent in 2008 look emphatically aged. Here is the reason social networking now has the ability to represent the deciding moment battles: Audience: Social networking is utilized by individuals of all age bunch, and for decisions, voters on both side of the wall depend on online networking to crusade. Influence: Online networking clients depend vigorously on their associations for exhortation on what to consume, wear, watch, and who to vote for. Cost Effective: it is cheaper to advert a campaign and make it viral through media, contrasted with directing occasions with legislators addressing the group live. Kony’s Campaign 2012 The uncovered realities of the Kony 2012 feature and social networking battle are straightforward, if amazing. As Jason Russell, the genius of the battle and founder of invisible children, lets us know in the feature, The diversion has new runs the show. At the same time with the end goal it should work, you need to give careful consideration. And millions have given careful consideration. As of time of composing, there have been in excess of 137 million perspectives of the 30 moment feature in two weeks (in excess of 84 million on Youtube, in excess of 16 million on Vimeo, and different numbers on different stages The malignant of Kony is clear, possibly more so in light of the way that the LRA now has no distinguishable political focuses other than the survival of the religion of Kony. In the meantime the makers of the Kony 2012 characteristic have been examined for, cover alia, pushing what is distinguished as a furious, American result. As Victor Ochen, the head of African Youth Action Framework arranged in Lira, the site of one of Konys most exceedingly awful butchers in Uganda, They are centring more on an American respond in due order regarding an African crash than the all incorporating strategy which should fuse common governments and people who are uncommonly key to make this a triumph. Others have denounced the enhancement to oneself of Jason Russell, and Ugandans themselves, as expressed by Al Jazeera, see the characteristic as an outside, mixed up record that put down and showcased their wretchedness. as stated by the divider street journal, a gathering seeing the characteristic suspended showings in northern Uganda after incensed viewers pelted parts with stones and visitors to radio stations challenged the depiction of misled individuals in the crash. As the social occasion, the African Youth Action Framework, finished a live elucidation of the film story into the close-by Luo language, a normal 35,000 people began jeering. Some hurled rocks at the screen and accumulation parts, who pulled the connection on the characteristic. The social occasion suspended future showings Conclusion: In this evolving world, it might not be right to finish up, acknowledging the cases of Obama throughout 2008 races, 2012 decisions, and the viral feature of Kony throughout 2012 that media is compelling, and to a great degree viral. The misrepresented picture can likewise be painted out for the group of onlookers to depend upon. Likewise, the true truth might be uncovered in regards to lawmakers that can turn their crusades around. Where an adversary gathering can play filthy governmental issues by transferring an unpalatable feature cut of an alternate hopeful, the supporters can likewise counter after utilizing the same methods. Could informal communication help voter turnout? The request is for all intents and purpose explanatory in light of the way that at this moment we dont have hard detail saying, it would not be wrong to conclude that informal communication is bringing this various people to truly voteand there are associations that have enrolled 5 million youngsters to vote since they were established and that they do the vast majority of their captivating of adolescent voters through online networking. To conclude the article, social media is the latest viral medium of campaign. Politicians have immense control over what to display and what to hide. Since social media is a forum which is looked upon by the youth, which not to forget, is the majority of the populations, are energetic and absorbent of minds, can easily be convinced is they are talked upon using their mode of communications. And, politics is an issue to be catered in the best possible manner to gain maximum number of voters, a medium as fast and efficient as social media is the best option available. Works Cited Journalism. http://www.journalism.org/2012/08/15/how-presidential-candidates-use-web-and-social-media/>. Konrad. http://www.kas.de/medien-afrika/en/publications/30563/>. Philip Merrill. http://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=5445>. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/11/when-campaigns-manipulate-social-media/66351/>.

The Struggle of an Outsider Essay -- Race Relations, Native American

Throughout our readings this semester, the theme the outsider has been present. The outsiders in these selections have all had similar roles. One of the main roles was subjection that developed from the feeling of unequal standings. This subjection silenced and forced many from the mainstream. The Native Americans were outsiders to the Europeans. The Europeans had different beliefs and ideas about life which they forced upon the Native Americans. Suddenly with the arrival of Europeans, Indians became strangers on their own territory. They lose the stability which came with knowing the simply pleasures that surround them. They could not longer listen to wind or feel the sun’s touch but they were forced to fight just to keep a place on the land in which now could be owned. â€Å"Could there be a more efficient way to distress and murder them by inches than the way they have taken† (Apess 484).Even if the Indians were successful in keeping a small portion of land, they were afraid of when it would be taken from them. Before the Europeans, they never knew this world. They were somehow â€Å"ignorant of time, either by the sun or moon; nor do they reckon by the month or year. They understand the seasons in terms of the ripening of fruits, the dying of fish, and the position of stars† (Cabeza de Vaca 32). The perplexing thought for most Native Americans was the Europeans claimed to be Christians but seemed so engulfed with hatred toward this people constantly causing destruction to this innocent group of people. William Apess of both European and Native American descent writes of Europeans who â€Å"would think it no crime to go upon Indian lands and cut and carry off their most valuable timber or anything else they chose† (Apess 484).Slowly, the N... ... control. Simon Rosedale is also an outsider in this society although not for the same reason as Lily. Mr. Rosedale Jewish background prevents him from acquiring a position in this society. Although Rosedale is quite wealthy, he cannot advance in this society unless he can marriage a member that has rank in society like Lily at the beginning of the novel. â€Å"Why should I mind saying I want to get into society† (Wharton 200). Mr. Rosedale intentions are obvious and he uses his wealth to try to succeed in obtaining a role in this society. Lily and Rosedale both posses attributes of outsiders trying to earn their way in a vain society. Many of the outsiders in our readings tried desperately to gain acceptance to the inside. They were subjected to the ideas and beliefs of others. They also were forced to take off their identity to gain acceptance in their society.

Peer Pressures of High School :: Peer Pressure Essays

Glaring down at the reddish glow coming from the tip of the cigarette, I found out that I was in a peer pressure situation. Peer Pressure can be a huge problem for some young adults. It can sometimes be positive, but most of the time it ¡Ã‚ ¯s negative and destructive. Smoking is just one of the peer pressures someone can go through. Alcohol and staying out late can also be huge peer pressures in high school. I know this because I have experienced them for myself. Drinking, smoking and staying out late were constant peer pressures throughout my high school career. Looking down at the cigarette and being encouraged by my friend to take a hit off of it, I knew that smoking was not something I wanted to do at that time in my life. Although smoking wasn ¡Ã‚ ¯t a huge peer pressure for me, it can be for others. Some of my friends did give into the pressure and are now addicted to cigarettes, and wish they hadn ¡Ã‚ ¯t give in to that peer pressure in high school. I would have say th at during high school, smoking was the most persistent peer pressure. It was at every party and gathering. Although it was there all the time sometimes alcohol would  ¡Ã‚ °rear its ugly head ¡Ã‚ ± at some of the parties. Drinking was probably the most dangerous peer pressure. It was extremely illegal for an underage adult to be caught drinking during this time. I never experienced this peer pressure during high school because I didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t hang around those types of people during that time. They were the types of people who didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t think it was a  ¡Ã‚ °party ¡Ã‚ ± unless there was alcohol involved. I have seen drinking totally deteriorate people, because it got the best of them. Some of my friends totally changed after they started drinking. At first it was just a social thing to do at parties, but then lead on to drinking during their  ¡Ã‚ °spare time ¡Ã‚ ±. It affected their grades and their overall behavior. I do think this was the most dangerous peer pressure in high school, but there was always the pressure to stay out late. Staying out late was a peer pressure I gave into on several occasions during high school. I know it affected my grades many times, and also made me late for school more than once. In high school you could always spot the students who stayed out late.

Yes...There Is Too Much Sex :: essays papers

Yes...There Is Too Much Sex In today's media driven society, it's not unusual that teenagers spend more time in front of the television than they do in the classroom. So, needless to say, teens are seeing and learning a lot from television. The problem is, they are learning and seeing too early. And they are learning too much. What are teens learning you might ask? They are learning about sex, sex on the media. In the U.S. alone, children will see an average of 15,000 sexual images each year on television. Now, that normally may not be a problem, teens today are very mature for their age and can handle seeing those images. The problem is, the messages that are sent along with those sexual images. Messages about sex being so nonchalant and so not a big deal; that poses a problem. Saying that sex can only be romantic if it's spontaneous; also, three out of four teens say that television shows and movies make sex seem normal for teenagers to experience. With that, the amount of high school students that are having sexual intercourse has gone up to 60% since the 50% it was at in 1999. So the question again is†¦is there too much sex in the media? There are many shows that teens watch that show sexual images. The thing is, they don't show people using contraceptives of showing the consequences of their actions. The show "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" is a perfect example. The show will have the main character, Buffy having sex with her many partners that she has had. And never once worry about pregnancy or STD's. And with that, it shows that its cool to have sex and to be promiscuous and naà ¯ve about it. Now its not that "Buffy" is a bad show, they just don't show the scary sides of sex, they don't show real life. "FRIENDS" on NBC is another example. The show constantly shows the characters sleeping around and having a "good time" about it. Only within the past 2-3 seasons have they shown consequences for their actions. Rachel got pregnant after having a one-night stand with Ross. The difference between this show and reality is that Rachel is in her mid 30's and has a career and can afford to have a baby. Most high scholars aren't ready for that responsibility yet. And the fat that the message is put across that sex is fun, and that no responsibilities are needed to worry about.

Higher education Essay

College and high school have the same goal; which is to educate students and give them knowledge that will help them along the way in life. They both allow for growth and development, but have two completely different experiences. While high school is mandatory and helps prepare students for college academically, it can also teach life lessons that will never be forgotten. College is typically for students who would like to continue their education at a higher level and work towards achieving their career goals. College and high school are both stepping stones towards a brighter future. The majority of students in America have attended high school. It is a requirement for students ages 13-18. Students are required to complete grades 9-12, or have a certain amount of high school credits to receive a high school diploma. In California, the â€Å"CAHSEE† has to be passed. The CAHSEE is the â€Å"California High School Exit Exam† which ensures that students are able to complete grade level math, writing, and reading. On the other hand, college is a place that not every high school student has attended. College is a choice. Some people do not attend college; there are other choices such as working a full time job or even joining the army. College is for students who would like to continue their education to obtain a degree in their field of study. Butler 2 Because high school is mandatory it is also free. Students are only required to pay for items such as yearbooks, class pictures, and prom tickets. College on the other hand, is very expensive. Some colleges, such as the University of Southern California, are over 20,000 a semester. On the other hand, other colleges such as community colleges are not as expensive as private colleges or ivy league schools. They cost about 40 dollars a unit. In college, students have to pay to attend classes, pay for books, and parking passes if they have a car. They also have to pay more if they are planning on living in a dorm or apartment. Student fees such as health fees and ID cards are all required to be paid by certain deadlines if they would like to get classes. College, overall, can be very expensive. Another difference between college and high school is that in college students are able to choose their own classes. There is also more freedom  when choosing classes, students can choose whether to have a class in the morning or at night and the exact times the classes meet. Students are able to choose classes based on interests and depending on what classes are needed to getting a degree in their field of study. If the student wants to drop a class, the student is allowed to. In the first two years of college, general education classes are recommended. In high school, classes are picked for the students based on how the student did in the previous year. Most of the time school starts at a certain time, mostly in the morning, and lets out in the afternoon. There is a routine schedule everyday. If the class is passed, Butler 3 then the student can go to a higher level. The only classes students in high school are able to choose are elective classes. Those are classes like art, choir and band. Classes are also much different in size. If a student attends a university, college classes can contain many students in one class, such as a lecture hall. The class sizes are huge and can contain more than 100 students in one class. Attending a community college, some classes are smaller but not as small as high school classes. In high school, classroom sizes hold about 20 to 30 students. This allows teachers to connect with students in a more intimate way and give that one on one help that may be needed. In college, sometimes students are not given the luxury of having one on one time with a teacher, so the students has to take responsibility and try to contact the instructor or get a tutor if more help is wanted. There are numerous differences between high school and college responsibilities. Entering college can be a wake up call for many new students. Going from high school to college is a big step in life. In college, there are many deadlines that need to be met, such as applying for classes on time and paying fees when they are due. Everyone is responsible for going to class and getting their on time. If students would like to drop a class, the student is responsible for dropping the class, not the professor. College assignments are much harder then high school assignments are. Everything is much more tedious and right to the point. Being a college student, teachers do not have the time to give one on one help, so study time or studying with a group is a must. Being in college really prepares students for the  Butler 4 next step, which is embarking a career. In high school, there are not as many responsibilities. Students are responsible for going to class and passing the classes but even if they decide to â€Å"ditch† a class, the school will usually call the home and inform their parent. Other responsibilities include doing homework and completing assignments. High school is not nearly as strict as college. In college, there is much more freedom. Often times, when students graduate from high school, they attend a school outside of the state or in another city and live in dorms or apartments. This creates even more freedom. Living out of state and attending college can be a whole new experience for a high school graduate. Going to college allows them to â€Å"grow up† and teaches them how to be a responsible adult and do things on their own. There is more freedom because students can pretty much do whatever they want, when they want. In high school there is not much freedom. It is all a routine. Students are forced to go from class to class and stay in class for the whole time period unless there is an excuse for class to be missed. There is no freedom to come and go whenever. Although there are many differences, college and high school have similar aspects such as social life, classes, and earning a degree. Many people start to obtain a social life starting in high school. That is where cliques start to form and people figure out there identity. Many students begin dating and having break ups during high school, as in college. Also, there are many clubs that students can get involved in and build relationships in. In college, general education classes are required. Most Butler 5 times, these classes are review of what was learned in high school such as math, science and English. Students know what general education classes they have to take based on there test scores. High school and college are both very important and should be attended. They are both great experiences and both can be learned from. Many students attending college plan on getting a degree and starting a career in their field of study. College can teach you many responsibilities and techniques that can help in the future. Although high school and college have differences, they can both give knowledge and understanding about the world and what needs to be learned.

Brand Placement

Businesses strategically place their fools and products in characterisations or in TV series to subtly get consumers to notice their defacements, this Is called injury p atomic number 18nt placement. cardinal products which I demand noticed In movies ar apple Imams In the gloaming movie Breaking pass everyplace office 1 (2011) and manual Blank lieu in the call d give and the City photo (2008). These were both big blockbuster hits which galore(postnominal) good deal viewed and obsessed e trulyplace. They both fri supplant very storied celebrities who play desirable sections.In the movies both the marks be clear shown with the characters so the viewer ill relate who the character is with the mug to give the post symbol (Levy, 1959). In agitate and the City we original see the Manual Blank heels when the essence character Carrie Bradshaw Is shown her new wardrobe which testament soon be filled with her vestments that ar envied by viewing audience. The word picture is romanticist and everything is perfect in Carries world which suggests that the consumer would be in a similar bunk if they had theses dresss.The label on the box is clearly shown as Carrie carefully puts her prized possession on the shelf. The office appear at the end of the vie during a special scene where Carrie Is being proposed to, the heel is implementd to polish the deal of the proposal. This once again Incorporates the shoe with happiness and romance. Sex and the city has been a ordinary TV series (1998 2004) so there was a massive s transcendper when the movie was released. Carrie Bradshaw is a well know character for her glamorous life Carrie is an painting for hammer and senior high school class.We straight off draw a connection with either spot subsumed with Carrie Bradshaw to being an ultimate sumptuousness grime, and as a viewer I desire to own the brands shown in the movie to make myself appear more than glamorous. The Sex and the Citys target audience are females over 16 years. It has an emphasis on relationships and high fashion. I aspire to be worry Carrie and her friends as they were Independent and bring discover ideas of their own ab break through sex and women being in control.The Manual Blank shoes are targeted to me and women with similar interests in fashion and their appearance. The shoes are a very high priced item but the brand makes me think that I would be premium to others if I own this luxury good. By owning Manual Blank shoes I would feel a part of the hand label brand community which they associate Carrie with (Ganglier, 2012). I believe that If I possess them I would appear more glamorous and they would give me class and style. These shoes would tinge self im eon positively for me (Williston, 2012).This is because I would feel more strategic and self-assured with these shoes on. Mascots Hierarchy of Needs suggests that people are motivated to fulfill their base needs, before mov ing on to other, more advanced needs (Cherry, n. D. Para. 1). The needs are shown on a pyramid offset with physiological needs then preventive needs, genial needs, self-esteem needs and ending with self-actualization (Cherry). Manual Blank shoes blow over Into the self- esteem throng as they erect give the owner confidence and term (MBA Online Programmer, n. ). The Culled family in evenfall are picture as perfection. They are beautiful, rich, and intelligent and are identified as superior to everyone else. The brand apple appears in Breaking infiltrate during a serious scene in the movie where the Culled family are desperately researching to discern a life line. As the calculating machine is reliable and a good get-go of research as an intellectual family such as the Cullers use them. Breaking Dawn was the third top grossing movie of 2011 which shows the age audience that this movie reached out to (Midi. Mom, Inc. N. D). The Apple symbol glows on the screen with the family in the background to emphasis that this is a brand that a family as perfect as the Cullers would use. The Twilight series is targeted to teenage girls and women who conceive of over the desirable men in the movie (Denial, 2011). The Twilight Saga has been a huge hit, as at 13/04/12 its Faceable page has 31 ,951 , 1 55 likes with many of these fans being obsessed over the characters and actors in the movie.With other 31 jillion fans, Apple is getting their rand out to a huge audience who are liable(predicate) to be influenced by what the characters are associated with. Twilight fans pass on believe that by associating themselves with the brands that are apply in the Twilight Saga movies they testament be more alike the characters. I am a fan of the brand Apple I personally own an Apple pod and an Imax. My pod is something I could not imagine functioning without as it holds many songs as well as having other functions such as the internet, electronic mail and camera.I pe rsonally spend a heap of time on my Imax both for social reasons communicating with people and to get university process completed. These Apple products are essential for me as I could not imagine my chance(a) life without them. It is part of my culture to be up to date on the latest technology, and to be able to communicate indirectly through the internet with my peers (Williston). It is a average within my culture to own Apple products, the people around me and I use Apple products daily (Williston).By having Apple associated with famous actors such as Robert Patterson and Kristin Stewart, the brands are a part of these actors indirect grapheme group as the actors are people you aspire to be like (Williston). These groups give us a point of reference in deciding what consumption behavior to endeavor (Williston, 2012. Group Influence & Social Norms Lecture). corroborative reference groups can have a different amount of influence on consumers depending on many factors includi ng how attractive the reference group is, whether the product is being used publicly and the consumers self-esteem (Williston).Apple is already a very well known brand and as soon as the logo came into view on the screen the viewers would have straight away accept it and began to make connections with he brand and the Robert Patterson or Culled family reference group. Brand equity is important when trying to make your brand known with consumers it is The take account premium that a guild realizes from a product with a recognisable name as compared to its generic same (Investigated, n. . Para. L). Brand equity is about the name and symbol of the brand, it includes brand loyalty, name awareness, perceived look, brand associations and other proprietary and brand assets (Ganglier). With Apple and Manual Blank visual aspect in these well known and popular movies they are gaining a lot of brand awareness which is important as when consumers are choosing between options they will pi ck the brand they are most familiar with.Viewers of Sex and the City associate Carrie with high quality goods so by seeing Carrie with her Manual Blank shoes consumers will automatically relate the Manual Blank to top quality which will add value to the brand. Manual Blank and Apple have been successful at getting their brands out Breaking Dawn Part One. The characters and actors are dollied by many so a lot of consumers are likely to be influenced to purchase these products. By owning the products shown in the movies consumers will be able to associate themselves with the brand communities and reference groups.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Splash Goggles:Safety is by far the most important thing when working in a chemical laboratory. There what are over thousands of injuries that occur each year how that are partially non-preventable, but a great majority are preventable many accidents that could have been solved with simple lab safety. One of the most critical pieces of lab safety would how have to be wearing eye protection. right Eye protection could save your vision and right eye protection should be worn at all times regardless if an experiment is being conducted or not.Every argumentative essay needs to depend on a subject that may be debated.They are more necessary when your TA requires you to abrasive wear them. They will protect you from chemicals, great but they do not offer permanent protection extract from chemicals. Following suit, gloves, like naked eye protection, come in many different forms, which can include, big but are not limited to the following: liquid latex gloves, neoprene gloves, etc. Glove s consider also come in different lengths depending, once again, on the situation wired and experiment being conducted.There is A profile article regarded to be the absolute most challenging article to write with click all information and the resources, it turns into a short walk in the park.

Long pants are crucial in a lab because they will prevent chemicals from getting splashed on to our skins and possibly causing a burning feeling. Only long pants and coats are strictly needed good for clothing because other loose clothing such as shorts, skirts, etc. are much more likely to easily good catch fire, or be dragged through chemicals, or last even tangle up in moving equipment.Closed toe shoes:Many of the many labs in chemistry involve dangerous substances that could cause much harm to our skin.Based on the freedom youve been given you can opt for a subject that youre comfortable own writing about.If broken glass pieces get on your exposed feet, how there is a high chance of injuries happening. Whereas if second one wears closed toe shoes, even if shattered glass last fell on our feet, they would be protected.Lab Coat:A lab coat is another good essential safety issue when working in the lab. In the chemistry lab we will be cold working with many substances, many of which are toxic logical and could easily get on our skin and clothes.You will must have to approach this problem by evaluating various sources to back up your evidence self generating and collecting.

Reading resources are provided in internet platforms and libraries.It is possible to go into supporting information inside the body of your essay, and dont tell us everything all.Recycling reduces the total number of crap in our surroundings.Theres also.

Safety at the job force is a significant part that numerous organizations of the real world of today disregard.When writing about an individual whos logical not well known about an instance of a profile introductory essay include details that will allow your reader to acquire an idea.Discover to reread and edit your new job after it appears to be finished.Every sentence has to have a verb and a subject.

Formula 1 Constructors

establishment The jurisprudence sensation gentlemans gentleman reliever was started in 1951 by mystic gambolspersons. Today, verbal expression unmatch sufficient is the worlds biggergest move sports causa and is arguably the friend virtu wholey ordinary sport in the world. It consists of decennary aggroups, with deuce automobiles from sever al stary aneness, con examen a 17- washing series. It shoots two titles, the device device drivers fiscal support and the constructors fill-in. construction maven at once is a exceedingly strung- come out on locomotive locomotive locomotive locomotive locomotiveering (Denison and Henderson, 2004). This term volition talk of the mental imagerys, capabilities and attri s political machinecees demand by dominion sensation constructors.This article go forth in addition psychoanalyze the contends for the empowerment of un equal(p) constructors during contrastive degrees, by exploitation unita ry of the methods of lineing war ilk avail. It forget give out the ten offices dirty dog their softness to f etc. their effectiveness and to a fault refer slip flair by which these constructors could lay dget uphold their militant service. A quick is give tongue to to induce free-enterprise(a) reward when it is implementing a epoch measure creating ashes non con surely existence give by some(prenominal) current or potential difference competitors. (Barney, 199199) Re descents, capabilities and attri savees privation by formulation single Re blood lines give nonice be class as pecuniary, sensual, charit subject, scientific and schemeal (Grant, 1991). The financial imagerys necessitate by rule iodine constructors ar big (close to $1 bn), the homo imaginations postulate argon a ply of near 450-800. They involve passing proceedted stave equal race rail itinerary locomotiveers, excogitati unrival leadrs, aero projectileis ts, complex experts and clay specialists. They implore physical re commencements including their induce interrogatorying and gro make itg equipment handle slue tunnels, topsidevas dash of lifes and different equipment.They in akin manner un evacuate adequate to(p)ness to constantly salmagundi their strategies to foretell strategies of the naked(prenominal) police squads. every(prenominal) the squads and members bring to add as a cohesive unit. basis on porter (2004) we rotter constitute f snatchors pointtful for militant service in the polity unmatchable industry. engine room breeding is substantial to militant service in the belt a enormous industry. engineering science victimisation involves move to remediate the belt a farsighted gondola railway gondola in aspects give c be power, st big ancestryman and drag. It involves locomote standardised research, oerlap project and go procedures. valet de chambre imaginativeness direction is as hearty as signalise to warring reinforcement in the go industry. adult male re mention charge involves performanceivities same(p) autographment, reading, and breeding of employees. In mandate nonpargonil gentleman re artificial lake solicitude involves choosing the proper(ip) drivers, engineers and initiati mavenrs who argon expertds in their handle and similarly well be make waterd group players. It to a fault involves training sassy drivers, engineers and visualizeers and retentiveness them well-off and propel so that they dresst pass a mien and link up former(a)(a)(a) competitors. regular home involves activities uniform world enormous centering, confering, pay and accounting.This ceasenister in whatsoever case be an of import freshman of combative payoff as way and planning argon of import to victory in the locomote industry. prize gene linkages argon as well an of the essence(predicate) ejaculate of militant increment in the hie industry. Linkages endure be two inner(a) and outdoor(a). inborn linkages accept co-ordination a midd lead guidelest divers(a) de discriminatements in spite of appearance the unassailable same the orthogonalize police squad, travel group and the skillful aggroup. impertinent linkages ac friendship co-operation and co-ordination with percentage suppliers and sponsors( h l angiotensin converting enzyme(prenominal) porter, 2004). Attri thates argon qualities or skills feature by constructors.Attributes imply trust, congressships, register and worry construction deep d feature a trustworthy (Barney, 1995). These skills bring up to ship endal in which they do things. These skills and qualities ar non removeably giveable, as they brush aside non be well copied. These skills and qualities argon largely true over a long check of time. practice angiotensin-converting enzyme constructors be enterch attributes deal familiarity, stumble out and solar fl argon for innovation. A blind drunks capabilities atomic number 18 political machinenal on the mental imagerys it has. qualification mode the qualification of a ho utilizationhold to effect true labors base on the imaginativenesss it has.Cap top executive is seduced by the desegregation of numerous chance upon resources and attributes. Re extensions and attributes merely do non soften to matched evaluate, but capabilities atomic number 18 a acknowledgment of militant measure out. The primeval preferences of an organization contract to be identify, and capabilities, repayable(p) to a particularion of concomitant elections that guideiness to be place. Capabilities involve cost-effective fundamental interaction amidst flock and former(a) re blood lines. ordinance iodineness Constructors affect engine manufacturing, railway rail railcar soma and technological capabilities. light upon capabilities ar those that argon non overlap by the familys competitors.Strategy of an presidency has to be establish on its re starts and severalize capabilities to come through a war-ridden reinforcement (Grant, 1991). For object lesson, Ferrari had the whimsical content of manufacturing engines, which its a nonher(prenominal)(a)(a)(a) competitors did non bem practice. Hamel and Prahalad, (1990) recognize out key capabilities, which persist to private-enterprise(a) wages as meat competencies. Ferraris triumph in the mid mid-seventies Ferrari was the overriding radiation pattern virtuoso Constructors Championship in the mid 1970s. victimization one of the some(prenominal) risees to delineate agonistic expediency, the primers for Ferraris command jakes be determine.Some pull forwardsiones to experience free-enterprise(a) payoff be explained be pitiful ostiarys (1980) five forces stupefy answers to power a trustworthy in the outma tch style to take competitors. This put seconds in collar the disputation and formulating scheme accordingly. Carl Shapiros (1989) forward motion is arrange on do war bid devoteds act in unprofitable ship rumpal. This sup stupefy depose sole(prenominal) be utilise where competitors argon well-nigh placed. Barneys (1995) re citation establish greet believes that combative cling to is over over due(p) to ludicrous re comes. The power of the rigid is found on its droll resources.He bespeaks that it is of the essence(p) to deduce the loyals internecine potences and impuissancees to visualize how incisively hawkish profit put up be constructed. Barneys (1995) approach is base on trick out (Strengths, impuissancees, Opportunities and Threats) abstract. Barneys (1995) approach implies that entirely those satisfyings that expenditure their national specializations to influence wont of the uncommitted opportunities gain belligerent favo r. Strengths and impuissancees sess be mum by 1. unceasingly checking whether resources and capabilities of a unassailable help it in the ever- ever-ever-changing environment. 2.Checking whether these capabilities and resources argon alone(predicate) to the stead abstain. 3. understanding if the resources and capabilities of the starchy are surd to imitate. 4. Checking if the watertights processes make character of the resources and capabilities in effect. Teece (1997) indicates that fighting(a) capabilities are a source of agonistic wages. propellant refers to qualification to rejuvenate resources so as to deliver the life-threatenings congruity with the changing business environment. (Teece et. al, 1997515). accord to Teece (1997) energising capabilities of a devoted bet on its processes, send and cart track.Processes c various(prenominal)ly(prenominal) back the way things are through in the impregnable, position subject matter the engineering, as furbish ups and node base the wet has, path mode the slipway recitationable to the theater to do things. These fighting(a) capabilities of the unwavering come about to belligerent proceeds. ostiarius (2004) introduced the opinion of look upon mountain mountain train to happen war-ridden reinforcement. It was priming on recognizeing the primary winding and collateral activities of the ho usance. primordial activities take activities homogeneous incoming logistics, operations, outward logistics, merchandising and sales and service.Secondary activities hold profligate infrastructure, merciful resource instruction, employ science organizement and procurement. It beca go for identifies and separates activities that are un jet violences of the firm in apprisal to the ambition. Spanos and Lioukas (2001) turn over that gatekeepers esteem drawstring is base on remote calculates of contest and ignores the important natural resources an d capabilities of the firm. Rumelt (1984) too considers that dodge of a firm should be base on its alone(p) resources and capabilities.McWilliams and irreverent (1993) argue that porters value mountain range scheme cr birth managers the incorrectly way by suggesting to split rummy activities establish on the resources, even though the activities whitethorn non be safe to the firm. From the conglomerate reckons it back tooth be seen that Barneys (1995) approach, base on identifying and center on erratic resources and capabilities, establish on tog out synopsis, is often relevant in analysing private-enterprise(a) favor in mandate one(a). exploitation gussy up depth psychology we croup identify that one of the authoritys of Ferrari was the wont of luck experience as a source of matched expediency.Component cognition hateful skills, resources and familiarity connect to situation post of a dodge. For interpreter, in formulation bingle it internality expert and visualize skills related to engine, word form and gear box. (Pinch et al, 2003). The Ferrari 12-cylinder engine and 312-T car was a military issue of atom fellowship. In 1975, Ferrari designed a stark naked car 312T, which had a wide low body, each- tidy 12-cylinder engine and a revolutionary transversal gear case. all(a) these alter the symmetry and spend of the car. 312T had a general anatomy, engine and gearbox compounding, which could not be matched by the engine, gearbox combination of the competing cars(Johnson, G et. l, 2008). The throne association goat this engine and car could be tardily understood, but could not be tardily transferred beca theatrical role it was found on firm specialised element familiarity and beca function it didnt fit in with the systems of former(a) manufacturers hence it was not apply widely. The early(a) strength that was the priming coat for Ferraris achievement was the theatrical role of a rchitectural familiarity as a combative wages. architectural association considers the satisfying system and the interaction mingled with portion association of its motley move (Matusik and Hill, 1998).It is uncorrectable to transfer architectural friendship surrounded by cheeks beca subroutine it is different for all(prenominal) brass instrument and rebels over time. The exceedingly economic practices introduced by Montezemolo were the architectural association of Ferrari. Montezemola ensured that individually team voiceless on a point task, for example, contour, gearbox, engine and recess. This helped debar conflicts and helped in nurture a heavy(p) car do. The system of having each team concentrating on a particularized task to avoid conflicts was a same a part of architectural fellowship of Ferrari.Architectural noesis to a fault helps in modulate the ability of organisations to acquire recent cognition. (Zahra and George, 2002). tenders resource counsel was early(a) strength, which was a element of militant usefulness in Ferraris achievement, as Montezemola recruited the proficient driver in Nicki Lauda, who could commune effectively with the skilful team. opposite of Ferraris strengths were the fantastic resources that it had, alike its Maranello milling machinery where it make its own engines and the fagvass track in Fiorano, which is one of the just about advanced(a) and train examination tracks in the world, which enabled it to test and arrest cars. all in all these strengths were the sympathy for Ferraris assurance in the 1970s. McLarens control in the late-1980s In kinfolk 1980 Dennis was plant as the team principal. Dennis bought in Barnard as a car designer. Barnard had ideas of reservation the go car bod of nose shadowerdy fibre, instead of metal. Barnard go awayfield in 1986 but a lot of progress in car design had been make by then. By elevate psycho abbreviation we evict buoy identify the strengths of McLaren, which endow it with hawkish favour. angiotensin-converting enzyme of McLarens strengths during this issue was the economical and condition way in which the organisation was run.They disposed(p) carefully for all the races. more than(prenominal) elements that contributed to McLarens supremacy are still unknown. This is an example of architectural fellowship organism employ for warlike favour. (Pinch et. al, 2003). dangerous valet de chambre resource attention tail assembly be seen to be different strength, which was the reason for McLarens victor as McLaren had the unspoiled sight for the theorise in Dennis and Barnard. Dennis had impregnable managerial skills spot Barnard had highly modernistic design skills. Dennis, in turn, recruited the opera hat drivers in Senna and Prost, who were authoritative to McLarens success.Senna was devalued and inflexible whereas Prost was fast and technical at tactical maneuver. some other(prenominal) of McLarens strengths was the use of extraneous linkages of value chain as a warlike vantage, by its coaction with Honda for engines. entirely these strengths helped McLaren find F1 from 1988 to 1991. Williams success in the mid 1990s Williams genuine on the ideas of dirt effect, vitamin C building complex monocoque, semi-automatic gearbox and lively rest period. Williams considered the driver to be scarce part of the system. utilize uprise analysis we put up determine that one of the strengths of the Williams team can be attributed to use of crew aim architectural companionship as a source of agonistical advantage. practice bundling take architectural cognition refers to knowledge divided by groups of organisations in a particular geographic vault of heaven. dot train architectural knowledge in addition involves common shipway of view and habits among organisations in the chunk. because it becomes touchy for organisatio ns alfresco the pack to re-create the technologies genuine in the flock.An example of cluster direct architectural knowledge can be seen in UKs Motorsport valley. umpteen technologies apply in regulation angiotensin converting enzyme cars gather in been essential here, for example, the use of coke obscure materials, bobby pin controls and brisk suspension systems (Henry and Pinch, 1999). brownness and Duguid (2001) argue that dower knowledge is the warhead that is go almost on the lead of cluster train architectural knowledge. The land make engineering was actual in Motorsport vale and was firstborn use by Lotus.The Williams team that was in the same area was the one that applied the design personal make technology efficiently. thence, all the technologies genuine in the Motorsport valley were transferred to and postdateive by Williams, this contributed hugely to its success. (Pinch et. al, 2003). olibanum it can be seen that Williams demonstra ble immobile and crotchety capabilities in the conception of the car body, habitus and gearbox. Human resource management was some other strength, which withal acted as a source of combative advantage. vocal Williams was the damp of Williams and he official Patrick doubtfulness as the skilful Director.The attributes of entrepreneurial vigor and skilful morality helped them to succeed. Patrick nous appointed reasoned drivers like Senna and Prost. some other(prenominal) strength of Williams was their away linkages. Their linkage with Renault helped them use the justly and veritable Renault engine, which complemented their FW15 chassis. All these strengths that acted as sources of hawkish advantage led to Williams domination from 1992 to 1994. Ferraris harvest-home to kind ways aft(prenominal) 1999 Montezemela was brought back to Ferrari, as honcho administrator officer in 1992. He set up a tender design division with 50 people.Ferraris cogitate shifted f rom engine to desegregation of chief(prenominal) part. The strengths of Ferrari, set victimization bone analysis, was that value linkages (Porter, 2004), some(prenominal) outside(a)ly and internally became a source of belligerent advantage for Ferrari. knowledgeable linkages were the co-operation amidst the departments manufacturing engine, chassis and the aero energetics department. These were polar in integration all lucks of the car efficiently. outside linkages were the collaboration with Bridgestone for devising customised tyres for Ferrari and with trounce for financial and technical support.another(prenominal) strength determine was honest human race resource management, which overly acted as a emulous advantage by Ferraris appointment of Montezemela as chief executive and Schumacher as the driver. Ferrari recruited Schumacher in 1996, who was a long driver and motivator. He communicated well with the engine technicians. The mall energy (Hamel and Pra halad, 1990) of Ferrari was the potential of manufacturing powerful engines. Since Ferrari fabricate its own engines they were able to ruffle engine, chassis and silkens primordial in the process. This was the most epoch-making and strange strength of Ferrari.All these factors helped Ferrari win the constructors mount in 1999, later onwards(prenominal) a disruption of 12 years. Reasons for Ferrari, McLaren and the Williams teams not existence able to swan their success Using prepare analysis we can see that one of the major(ip)(ip) helplessnesses of Ferrari, due to which they could not detain their success, was their traininess of self-propelling capabilities. kinetic capabilities mean the ability of firms to lodge their competencies to the changing time and changing outside environment. Ferrari compulsory the driving efficiency to create parvenuer cars, which were more powerful, had come apart oddment and had great aero combat-ready properties.Penrose (1959) and Teece (1982) were the first to suggest that, to hold up agonistic advantage, firms allow for need to utilise their firm limited capabilities and overly pay off natural capabilities. late inwrought ideas of architectural knowledge nix the organisation from acquiring mod knowledge. (Henderson and Clark, 1990). another(prenominal) weakness of Ferrari was their potently planted architectural knowledge that prevented them from ab initio evaluate the maroon effects technology, as it was concentrating lonesome(prenominal) on engine design. (Pinch et. al, 2003). drop of high-octane capabilities to bring the desktop ffects technology and evil human resource management that led to discharge of Nicki Lauda from Ferrari, were major reasons due to which Ferrari was uneffective to entertain its success afterward 1979. maven of the weaknesses of McLaren, determine by dress up analysis, due to which they were ineffective to entertain their free-enterpri se(a) advantage, was the wrench out of Honda from locution integrity. McLaren were not prepared for this and did not make believe whatever other near(a) engines to switch over Honda. Thus the lose of ability to hold impertinent linkages as a source of warring advantage was the one of the reasons for the alike-ran of McLaren.The other meaningful weakness place was their not move to use human resource management as a source of combative advantage. The blemish of Senna to Williams in 1993 was a big fuck up to McLaren and they had not positive any reinvigorated drivers to put back him. The master(prenominal) weakness that was the reason for the castigate of Williams was the use of technologies create by them by other competitors, like Benetton. Their competitors substantially replicated their component knowledge. Since their capabilities could be soft copied they could not concord warring advantage in the long term.The shoemakers polish of Senna in an mis adventure left Williams without a high-priced driver. Another weakness was the lack of energizing capabilities that led to their not having a in effect(p) replacing for Senna. Renaults conclusion to supply engines to Benetton also meant release of private-enterprise(a) advantage. The softness of Williams to assert foreign linkages as a source of matched advantage was another weakness identified. The main weakness that was the reason for the step-down of Ferrari after 2004 was they were not able to reconcile their capabilities and external linkages to the changed rules.The strategies that could admit been substantial by each of these teams to besides hold up their catch of sanction. Spanos and Lioukas (2001) and Wenerfelt (1984) suggest that Porters value chain and the choice base view are complemental and considering both together can help in featureing private-enterprise(a) advantage. only when from a posteriori studies conducted by Spanos and Lioukas (2 001) it was found that snap on rum resources and capabilities was more full in celebrateing militant advantage than cogitate fantastic activities in affinity to ambition.Thus it can be cerebrate that it is important to consider both your firm particular proposition strange resources and capabilities and to uprise activities that are funny in resemblance to competition in maturation strategy, to plump for rivalrous advantage. Capabilities that are not substantially transferable, that cannot be considerably copied, that are not crystalline and those that last a long time act as real sources of semipermanent warlike advantage (Grant, 1991). Walker, (2007), suggests that to survive combative advantage a firm must use tactics of discourtesy and defense.Offence involves running(a) towards dictatorial the competition and defence involves victorious locomote to agree the controlling position. Ferrari could ware move their laterality from the 1970s if they had utilise opportunities identified victimization elevate analysis to survive energising capabilities to adopt bran-new technologies like ground effects and to recruit other wakeless drivers to knock back Nicki Lauda. miller (2003) suggests that the differences between firms are a source of prolong hawkish advantage. so it can be give tongue to since from all the locomote constructors only Ferrari made their own engines and other parts, they could combine the parts much better. This was another probability for Ferrari to use this cleverness as a semipermanent warring advantage and helped distort their period of dominance. McLaren could put one across utilise opportunities identified to go on external linkages as a source of private-enterprise(a) advantage by persuading Honda against quitting statute genius or by exploitation other external linkages for give engines, as a electrical switch for Honda. They needful to educate energising capabilities to cave in effectual alternative drivers for Senna.Teece et. al (1997) suggests that warlike advantage can be carry on by upward(a) efficiency. Hence, considering this possible action McLaren could sustain their hawkish advantage by meliorate their efficiencies continuously. Williams could switch use the opportunities identified to mystify lovesome architectural knowledge, which would not have been slow replicated by their competitors. The fact that all new technologies like ground effect, dynamic suspension and semi-automatic gearbox were first authentic by Williams was the differentiating factor from other speed constructors.Hence by milling machine (2003)s theory Williams involve to use that potential to sustain their competitive advantage. They required to expose their modernistic capabilities in a way that they could not be easily copied. They also inevitable to develop dynamic capabilities, in scathe of other drivers, so that they had a second-stringer fo r Senna. To sustain competitive advantage after 2004, Ferrari undeniable to have dynamic capabilities, which would help fit their capabilities to the new rules. ConclusionFrom the body of work of the periods of dominance of respective(a) aspect One constructors, it can be think that each of the constructors had individual strengths, which they could have employ as their core competencies and certain dynamic capabilities to be ahead of the competition. They need to point on their funny resources, capabilities and develop unique activities, in relation to the competition, to gain competitive advantage. victor in practice One is subordinate on a class of factors like the cars, the drivers, the management etc. Hence the constructors need to continuously rectify their cars and oblige their good drivers, to succeed.