Program capstone IP1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Program capstone IP1 - Essay ExamplePlanning as practice of theory of managements, used by legion(predicate) organizations like Microsoft Corporation, involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve them. It requires decision-making like choosing future courses of action from among alternatives. The plans range from over entirely purposes and objectives to the most detailed arrangements to be taken. No sincere plan exists until a decision a commitment of human and material resources needs to be made. In other words, before a decision is made, all that exists is study of planning, analysis, or a proposal there is no real plan.Use of organization as the second theory of management, Microsoft Corporation management team and the whole staff usually works together to achieve some goal must have duties to take care of. Generally, these roles have to be delimit and grammatical constructiond by someone who wants to make sure that people contribute in a specific way to efforts of group. Organizing, therefore, is that part of management that involves establishing an intentional structure of roles for people to fill in a company. Intentional in that all tasks necessary to accomplish goals are assigned and assigned to people who can action to their best. Indeed, the purpose of an organizational structure is to help in creating an environment for human performance. However, designing an organizational structure is not an easy managerial task because many problems are encountered in making structures fitting situations, together with both defining the kind of jobs that must be done and finding the people to do them.For prima(p) as the third theory of management, it means influencing of employees so that they will contribute to organization and group goals is widely used in Microsoft Corporation to mention it has to do predominantly with the interpersonal feature of management. Most important problems to managers arise from people their desires pl us defiance, their behavior as groups and individuals. Hence, effective

Statistics Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statistics Term Paper - Essay ExampleInterpretation of data and results is one fundamental concern of using statistics in the field of business and economics. One important statistical tool that for many years has become proven to help businessmen and economists is the analysis of pas seul (ANOVA). Analysis of variance is a significant component of inferential statistics and it tries to measure the difference between devil or more(prenominal) independent groups or variables.In this paper, the proponent tries to hash out ANOVA as a significant statistical tool for business and economics especially in inferential statistics and in tests of difference for three or more independent groups, variables or data.Analysis and interpretation of data are important roles associated with inferential statistics. This statistics has different statistical tools or test for the analysis of interval, ratio, token(a) and ordinal data. For making inferences from or conclusions on larger groups or po pulations, or even in generalizing information gathered in one or more samples, inferential statistics has been proven effective in doing so. The goodness of samples is very important to consider in order so as to ensure effectiveness of inferential statistics. In addition, sampling techniques or procedures are necessary or of great importance prior to the use of inferential statistical tools. In reality, the only mood to find what specific tool in inferential statistics is necessary for any research problems or studies depends on the nature of data. It is in this reason that inferential statistics is subdivided into two groups parametric and non-parametric tests.Non-parametric tests are tests that do not require normal scattering and they utilize both nominal and ordinal data (Bajpai 678). One could say that the distribution is not normal when the value of skewness is either positive or negative. Skewness is positive when the mean is greater than the median and

The Future Financial Health of Look Ahead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future Financial Health of Look Ahead - Essay ExampleThe monthly capital flow statements for Look Ahead are given in the table below. Cash Flow is one of the most important aspects of every business. A bullion flow statement shows the total of the actual cash inflows and outflows of a business. A cash flow can be prepared for any time period. It helps the wholeiance get a clear view of the liquidity at any given point in time (Gillespie et al, 1997). The statements for Look Ahead provide valuable insight into the liquidity position of the company. The cash flow statements indicate that the liquidity position of Look Ahead will be very weak found on the estimates. Hence it is essential to opt for other sources of funds for maintaining a strong liquidity position (Berry and Jarvis, 1996). The overdraft calculations in the statement indicate the amount postulate by Look Ahead to prevent negative bank balance. From the table, it is evident that Look Ahead must have a Bank Over draft option for at least 270,000. The Profit and Loss Statement for Look Ahead is presented below. Profit and Loss Account is a financial statement which shows the companies profits and losses for a given period. A profit and loss account helps the company analyze how the profit or loss arose i.e. the main cause/s for the profit or loss, so as to make informed decisions for the future (Arnold et al, 1985). Based on the estimates, Look Ahead forecasts a profit of 80,000. Profit and Loss statement includes all the expenses and the income recorded during the period, irrespective of whether the payment was received (Britton and Watterston, 1996). The projected balance sheet of Look Ahead in December 2007 is presented below. It is evident that Look Ahead call for to give due consideration to its cash inflows and other sources of funding, as the ending bank balance is negative. Also, the balance sheet indicates a total of 240,000 as debt.

Chocolate by Joanne Harris Essay Example for Free

Chocolate by Joanne Harris EssayIf we were all to rebel against what weve always known to be accepted, if we were to completely ignore the teachings of our elders and do the things weve been taught to be evil and sinister, what would happen? This situation is one which occurs in a small and tranquil French town in the derive from Chocolat. Throughout the extract at that place are a variety of juxtapositions, polarizations, and much rail line building the subject. Joanne Harris creates a compelling story, but not without exaggerated or overstated situations. Through recital the extract and analyzing each significant line of literature, we are able to understand the narrator and the young girls character to a more advanced degree. In the extract, we beginning(a) encounter Vianne with her lady friend Anouk as they brave the harsh wind and settle into the parvenu village. We came on the wind of the carnival. The quoted piece of literature displays the sly exotic wind, a rather u nusual one for February. To some extent, the wind presents the characters of Vianne and Anouk as they are independent and wild, the same as the wind that brought in the carnival. Reminiscent of the carnival, the narrator and her daughter are rattling bright and lively which is ironic as they settled the grey village during the time of the carnival. This piece of text also shows polarization igniter vs. Dark and Lively vs. Dull, as well as contrast between the towns people and the carnival. The polarization of Lively vs. Dull can be seen in the extract through the mentioning of fanciful tales. A dragons head on a shield, Rapunzel in a woolen wig, a mermaid with a Cellophane tail, a gingerb exhibit ho handling all cover and gilded cardboard, a witch in the doorway.Seeing that most of us have matured with the impression that fairy tales are magic- blissful, bright and fantastic, as we read this passage we can see how Vianne trys to keep magic alive in Anouk as well as in herself. Th eir itinerant from town to town represents this fervent flame the magic she is striving to keep alive. Not only does Vianne attempt to keep magic flourishing in herself and Anouk, she also aids the parishioners. The extract is an enchant brew of confections and humanity. Vianne, a shaman-like woman rides the North wind casting her spell of kindness tothose in need she visits town after town seeking battles with those who would own advantage, and attempt to lord over other poor souls. Carrying on a tradition of lifting the spirits of the downtrodden, with her magical unrefined cocoa and special chili common pepper in the form of delicious chocolates. This shows great contrast amongst Vianne and the villagers for the reason that, the personality of Vianne is much different than that of each person in Lansquenet.We also notice this contrast out of the text through Her silk scarf fluttering at her throat the child in yellow Wellingtons and sky blue mac. Their coloring marks them. Th eir attire are exotic.. Unlike the towns people, Vianne is more insightful and exotic as well as observant but nevertheless logical. This is shown in ..knowledge is currency here.. and I timber their gaze As for Anouk, she is able to see beyond the truth. At first, we witness this during the carnival. But at six the world retains a special luster. Then, at the mentioning of a mermaid. ..a mermaid with a Cellophane tail.. She can still see the real witch, the real magic. Joanne Harris used a great juxtaposition here magic vs. functionality. Not only does Joanne Harris use juxtapositions to build her subjects, she also employs contrast, polarization, connotations, sensuality/austerity (priest, villagers) plus flamboyant passages along with descriptive ones used to paint an image in the readers mind that appeals to our senses.For example, to appeal to our tastes Joanne Harris uses very descriptive words that are enough to make you drool. ..hot greasy scents of frying pancakes and sau sages and powdery-sweet waffles.. This also creates wild images in the readers mind, tying in contrast amongst the carnival and towns people. The item that Vianne arrives in town on the day of the carnival just prior to lent shows great significance- Contrast to people and village is Lively vs. Grey/Dull, which ironically is seen a lot throughout the passage. The carnival also acts as a connecting thread though means of a new beginning. More precisely, a new beginning between Vianne and the villagers almost like a float.In addition, the carnival sets mood and personality the fact that everything is not always as is seen, especially when it comes to theology where the church is a means of control. This control is used as a juxtaposition, repression, and emphasis throughout the movie as well as the passage. All the factors mentioned in the essay character, language, connections, significance, tie in to create thesubject. The subject of how the towns people judge Vianne and Anouk whi ch then leads to tolerance- how the author creates the subject.

Good Health Essay Example for Free

Good Health EssayIt is common to hear people talking about the state of their health. around say they are in good health, while others talk about their ill health or that of others. But what exactly is good heath and how do we know when we are experiencing it? This article takes a understand at that aspect of our lives and explains it in simple terms. Good HealthWhen we are enjoying good health, we feel good, we look good with a good health image and everything about our lives seems to be going well with no major upsets. It means we have plenty of cogency to do the things we expect to do and we feel happy and contented with our ability to do those things.There is no pain or feeling of stiffness in our body and we are able to exercise freely every day if we wish. Often, when we are in good health it is common to be more dynamical and exercise forms part of the days activities. When we are free of pain, we are able to do a lot more and we feel motivated to do a lot more than when we are experiencing pain. So maintaining a good take aim of health is important to our lives because it means the absence of pain totally or at least for the majority of the time. Promoting Good HealthSo what passel we do to promote good health? There are lots of things we can do and similarly lots of things we should avoid doing.We should make sure we eat a healthy diet, because we are what we eat and when we only put good things into our bodies, those bodies respond by simply being in better health. That includes healthy meals made up of fresh ingredients as well as any healthy snacks we may want to eat during the day.We should exercise and be active every day, acquiring plenty of fresh air outdoors and sunshine. Fresh air boosts our energy levels while indwelling daylight and sunshine boosts our mood, makes us feel happier and also boosts our bodies ability to manufacture its own vitamin D. If we live in a city, we should make a point of getting into the countryside as of ten as possible to get fresher air and avoid all the pollutants that city air generally tends to have. We should try and be as happy as we can be, facing life with a positive, upbeat attitude and try not to let stress into our lives.We should avoid living a sedentary lifestyle and make sure we get up off the chair as often as we can. Avoiding foods that are processed, contain ligh levels of refined staff of life and refined white flour as well as those that contain artificial additives. That usually means eating only fresh produce, fresh ingathering and vegetables along with lean meat and fish (if we are not vegetarian), nuts, seeds, legumes and some dairy produce, although this should be kept to a minimum. We should also avoid drinking quinine water and flavored drinks because of the dangerous levels of refined sugar and/or artificial sweeteners and other additives. Alcohol consumption should be moderate and smoking is a totally bad idea.If we can use our common sense and make s ure we live as healthily as we can, then we should enjoy a far better level of health. If we can also keep stress levels down and stay happy, our health will reflect our mood and we will have a longer, happier and healthier life.

The Role Public Administration Play in This Modern Society Essay Example for Free

The Role Public Administration Play in This Modern Society hearPublic administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic class that studies this implementation and that prepargons civil servants for this work. As a field of inquiry with a respective(a) scope its fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that government can function. Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are the management of habitual programs the translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day and the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce pick policies. According to Dubios Fattore (2009), the goals of the field of public administration are related to the democratic values of improving equality, justice, security, efficiency, effectiveness of public services usually in a non-profit, non-taxab le venue business administration, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with taxable profit. For a field built on concepts (accountability, governance, decentralization, clientele), these concepts are much ill-defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these concepts.Public administration is centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their abide Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including police officers, municipal budget analysts, HR benefits administrators, city managers, Census analysts, and cabinet secretaries.Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government. Every public officer charged with the duties of administration must therefore implant in his mind that secrecy breeds suspicion and suspicion erodes public trust. An administrato r who has no trust of the public is like an administrator who has no authority to do what he or she has been appointed or elected to do.Accountability is important in the face of the equity that there is a need to make the work castigate, the truth that imperfections are a way of life and the truth that men tend to be consumed by greed, pettiness and desire for power and fame, and the truth that those who caused the work to be done not right must answer for his or her fault. Now, it is a way of life that those who want works that are not right are those who want their deeds hidden.With this reality, there ought to be a system that keeps accountability strong and invincible against these imperfections of life and, with more reason, against those who want to do not right by the impulsion of greed. With these principles in mind, the next challenge really of public administration is how to make use of the modern things offered by modern times. (Evardone) In respondent this question, the best way is to know the fundamental governance principles that public administration is a result of the collective consent of the citizens to be governed and the fact that the world has asleep(p) too modern.The Definition of Public Administration Public administration, developed in the early 1900s, is a special field of study within the academic discipline of political science. It emphasizes the structure and operation of bureaucracies and organizations, including budgeting, personnel, and formal and informal internal controls. Some public administration programs include study of the special management skills required in governmental (as distinct from private) organizations.Its always hard to make a simple, clear and precise definition to academic subjects, this also happens to public administration. Scholars have long been exhausting to use a simple phrase to define it, but yet after nearly half century of hard work, it still remains in vain. Although making progress, a perfe ct phrase length definition is still in process. So what is the problem of defining Public Administration? Some recover that its multidiscipline characteristics contribute to the absence of a common definition.

The Vulnerabilities Of Small Island Developing States Environmental Sciences Essay

The Vulnerabilities Of Small Island Developing States Environmental Sciences EssaySmall Island Developing States (cot death) comp upraise small islands and low-lying coastal countries set(p) across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and Caribbean Sea. While geographical, climatic, cultural and socio- sparing dissimilarities exist amidst these nations, they face common phylogeny constraints and vulnerabilities to humor Change.Growth and development of sudden infant death syndrome is circumscribe by factors much(prenominal) as limited resources, remoteness and volatile hold up patterns. Small nations and remoteness alike lead to high transportation and communication cost and minimal opportunity to create economies of scale on that pointby inducing susceptibility to external shocks. SIDS alike generally possesses a grave dependence on imported petroleum products. High electricity prices thusly in addition present constraints to economic and social development efforts. Consequentially, eleven SIDS nations atomic number 18 overly recognised by the United Nations as Least Developed Countries (LDC).The environmental jounce of human activity is increasingly universe recognised across the globe. Greenho mathematical function sport (GHG) emissions largely from the burning of dodo fuels and deforestation hold in signifi fundamenttly increased over the last half a century, leading to the Climate Change phenomenon. symptomatic departs in climate are already being realised, with increasing temperatures, altering rain pissing patterns, rising sea-levels and increased frequency and fanaticism of natural disasters causing social, economic and environmental issues across the globe. While SIDS generate a minimal contribution to global GHG emissions, they are amongst the most vulnerable to its cause. The size of these island states makes them especially allergic to climatic variations and extreme events as large areas or even entire islands can be directly affected. The consequential economic environmental and social victimize can therefore be extensive, without the option of intra- guinea pig quietus. Key sector such as tourism and agriculture are under unspoiled threat man in nearly circumstances the very existence of many island states is at risk.Common characteristics of SIDS not altogether get up their susceptibility to experiencing a changing climate but give them a low capacity to adapt to such transplant. Already experiencing many socio-economic issues such as water and regimen credentials, intensification of such issues due to climate diverseness may make these countries uninhabitable.This paper aims to identify the major vulnerabilities of SIDS to impending Climate Change and consider the role that demonstrable nations should play in assisting their survival.NATURAL CLIMATE IN SIDS AND PROJECTED CLIMATE CHANGESAcross the globe, the effects of Climate Change are already being observed, with SIDS undoubte dly being affected. Sea turn up temperatures have been increasing by 0.1C per decade in the oceans where most SIDS are locate (45), while annual and seasonal ocean surface and island air temperatures have increased from 0.6C to 1.0C since 1910 throughout a large part of the reciprocal ohmern Pacific (46). Studies over the period 1971 to 2004 have also suggest warming to be occurring in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean regions, with trends ranging from 0C to 0.5C per decade (47).Warming sea temperatures leads to expanding oceans and rising sea levels. This is a key concern for SIDS with the entire Pacific region experiencing a mean rise of +0.77 mm per year (53), while sea-levels in the Caribbean region increase on number by 1mm per year. Local conditions mean there is considerable variation between or even within individual island states. For instance, different tectonic movements across the country of Trinidad has lead to rises of about 1mm per year along the wes t coast, while the south is experiencing an increase of approximately 4mm each year (54).Changing trends in extreme temperatures have also been observed. The annual number of hot days and warm nights in the South Pacific and Caribbean regions has shown increasing trends, as well as a relative decrease in the annual number of cool days and coldness nights (48, 49).The climate of SIDS is strongly influenced by the ocean-atmospheric interactions. The El Nio Southern Oscillation and decadal variability play a dominant role in experienced periods of drought and high rainfall and the common generation of tropical cyclones and storms in small island regions. Climate Change is already and expected to continually sharpen such extreme endure events. Rainfall patterns are becoming more variable. The Caribbean especially has experienced less consecutive dry days while heavy rainfall events are becoming more frequent (50). These win overs are projected only to get worse. The intensity and fr equency of cyclnes and tropical storms is also expected to increase. Since 1970 the intensity and duration of storms has increased leading to a greater number reaching category 4 and 5 (51).IMPACTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGEDespite being heavily reliant on fossil-fuel based energy, in comparison to highly-developed and other developing states SIDS use a relatively modest amount of fossil fuels. Consequentially their babys room bodge emissions remain low, accounting for less than 1% of global emissions (Table. 1). Furthermore, the annual emissions from the Pacific islands is .96 tonnes of carbon dioxide per capita, equating to only 25% of the worldwide average per person. SIDS thus hold minimal responsibility for the current climate change, yet in a sad irony they are liable(predicate) to be the most severely impacted.Table 1. Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2003 Selected Countries (http//cait.wri.org)Already susceptible to diet and water security and human health, climate change is likely to exacerbate such socio-economic issues.Water ResourcesPoor water quality and water stress is common in SIDS. High rainfall and drought periods associated with El Nio episodes significantly impact water security of small islands, while factors such as limited size, geology and topography make their water resources especially sensitive variations in climate. Inadequate infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs and water distribution netwhole kit and boodle cause further issues for water security in many SIDS.Small island nations oft show a strong dependence on rainfall. Tuvalu and several other countries in the Pacific rely on rainwater as their principal fresh water source Dominica, in the Caribbean and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, show almost complete dependence on surface water from streams while many low-lying chromatic islands and raised atolls are forced to rely on groundwater due to unsubstantial freshwater lenses. Reduced rainfall, a likely consequence of cli mate change, constrains the amount of physically harvestable water, rock-bottom river flow and slowed recharge of freshwater lenses. Hence the ability to meet pastoral and domestic water demands is severely compromised. Sea-level rise and fill can also lead to saltwater intrusion and siltation of freshwater systems. primitive weather events can also increase water pollution with serious implications for human health and the incidence of water-borne diseases.Furthermore, a lack of adequate water infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs, results in high runoff during the rainy seasons and consequential losses of surface and stream water to the sea.Coastal zonesCoastal areas of small islands are generally the site for major settlements and the centre of economic activity. In the Caribbean more than half the population lives within 1.5km of the shoreline, while islands of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, generally establish their villages on the sand terrace or on the beach itself. C ommunities and unfavorable infrastructure such as schools, electricity generation plants, fuel storage facilities, police stations and hospitals are therefore in direct risk of rising sea-levels and extreme weather events. In the case of a disaster populations are thereby left without basic social services.Rising sea-levels lead to coastal erosion and in some cases inundation, while physical damage from hurricanes and cyclones also threaten vital coastal assets and human lives of small islands. From 1950 to 2004 76% of the reported disasters in the Pacific island region was cyclones with the average cost per cyclone estimated at US$75.7 million (in 2004 value), while the 2004 hurricane season alone caused damage of around US$2.2 billion in only four countries the , Grenada, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic.Biodiversity and TourismGeographical isolation has allowed the formation of many unique species, making these islands home to a significant proportion of the worlds biodivers ity. However, human activity is posing serious threats to the natural ecosystems of SIDS.Extensive deforestation has occurred for infrastructural development and agriculture, with more than one quarter of the small island states demonstrating greatly put downd forest cover. Terrestrial and marine ecosystems are also experiencing increasing degradation and pollution and overexploitation. precious coral cover has declined by up to 80% over the last 3 years in reefs of the Caribbean, with pollution, sedimentation and over-fishing has been fit(p) to be largely responsible. Climate Change will have further consequences for biodiversity and the health of natural ecosystems. Apart from the arising environmental concerns, ensuing social and economic issues also follow due to compromised environmental services.Physical damage from more frequent and intense natural disasters presents severe implications for marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Sea-level rise and associated flooding can lead to salinisation of soils and adverse effects to mangrove forests. Rises in ocean surface temperature and carbon dioxide concentration further threaten coral reefs, leading to coral bleaching events and decreased calcification rates. Based on projected CO2 levels, it has been suggested that the calcification rate of corals could decrease by about 14 percent to 30 percent by 2050(57). Coral reefs play an important role for small islands, providing key nurseries for fish species, protection of the beach and tourism opportunities.Many SIDS rely on one or few economic activities, with tourism and travel normally accounting for more than 25% of Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) and in some cases more than 50% (12). Natural disasters and degradation of ecosystems can severely impact this income generation.Changing weather- changing distribution of speciesAgriculture and fisheriesAgriculture is highly valued and depended upon in SIDS for both(prenominal) subsistence requirements and economic de velopment. Many islands however have limited arable land and prime agricultural regions are generally located on the coastal plains. Climate change and associated sea-level rise therefore poses a significant risk of further reduction of available farming land due to inundation and salinisation. Extreme weather events also adversely impact food crops and other livelihood resources. Cyclones, hurricanes and floods can cause irreparable damage while extended droughts and shortened festering seasons would also switch off yields. Such events have serious implications for food security while reduced exports of cash crops compromises their foreign exchange earnings and position in world trade.Climate change however is likely to affect varying degrees of economic losses among different island states. Viti Levu, a high island in Fiji, is estimated to have the potency to endure be in the range of US$23 to 52 million per year by 2050. The low island of Tarawa in Kiribati however faces annu al costs of US$8 to 16 million. These costs would represent only 2-3% of Fijis GDP in 2002 and 17-18% of Kiribatis GDP for the same year (58).Fisheries are also a critical sector in many SIDS, contributing up to 10% of the GDP. The El Nio / La Nina cycle already causes visible variations in tuna fish catches, demonstrating the sensitivity of fish stocks to climate variability. Climate change poses the risk of stimulating altered migration patterns and the depth of fish stock, affecting the distribution and availability of fish species with socio-economic consequences. piece Healthworld(a) warming may lead to a variety of associated human health issues. Direct threats to human welfare include injuries and fatalities from extreme weather events such as floods, hurricanes and landslides, while increased frequency and duration of heat waves can also be expected to increase the risk of heat stress, illness, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially amongst the elderly.A ch anging climate can also have indirect implication on human health. Increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns may lead to an increase in water and vector-borne diseases. In 2008, there were 247 million cases of malaria worldwide and nearly one million deaths, mostly among children. Malaria is most commonly caused by the parasites, carried by mosquitoes. Increasing temperatures and flooding events provide favourable environments for mosquitoes hence climate change is likely to expand the spread of mosquito and the risk of malaria contraction. Variation in precipitation and temperature will also increase the prominence of dengue fever, with such weather patterns attributable several cases in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago during the period 1980-2000.Storm surges and flooding events also heighten water pollution, leading to water-borne diseases such as cholera and the diarrheal diseases caused by organisms such as giardia, salmonella and cryptosporidium. Furthermore, decease s in rainfall may lead to reduced available freshwater for human use and consumption, increasing the risk of disease. Secondary malnutrition may increase due to declines in water quality and decreases in agricultural productivity.ADAPTATION ACTIONDue to the current accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and with recommended emission targets from the IPCC failing to be met by major babys room gas emitters, the effects of Climate Change are unavoidable (61). Coupled with the severity in which this is predicted to affect Small Island Developing States, it is imperative that accommodative action is taken for the survival of these nations.A number of adaptation initiatives have been implemented by SIDS on a topical anaesthetic scale, often in an ad hoc manner. For example, since Hurricane Ivan, it has become common practice in Jamaica to place concrete blocks on the top of zinc roofs. Typhoon resistant housing has been implemented in the Philippines later Typhoon Sisang in 1987 and modify housing design is also evident in Costa Rica and Equador, with elevated houses or a reinforced concrete strip as a entry so that the bamboo walls do not touch the ground and are protected from fungal deterioration.There are many avenues available to address water security issues. Promotion of drought tolerant vegetation and establishment of river buffer zones enhances the resilience of rivers and catchment areas. National water policies can be used to encourage efficient water use, advocating water saving devices, while revision of building codes can work to improve water resource management, by increasing opportunities for rainwater catchments and storage. The Cajete Terrace agro-systems of Mexico provide an innovative example of adaptation measures to enhance water use efficiency and enables food to be sustainably grown on steep erosion prone slopes4. This works by excess water being fed from sloping terraces into tanks (Cajetes). The water, which would otherw ise not be absorbed into the soil, is collected inside the cajetes and slowly seeps into the surrounding soils after the rain has ended. Eroded nutrient rich soil is also trapped inside of the cajetes and later gathered and distributed into the fields. Adaptable farming systems has also be achieved by African farmers through intercropping, diversification of herds and incomes, such as the introduction of sheep in place of goats4.Climate Monitoring, Forecasting and Early Warning Systems can be an priceless tool to reduce the impacts of climate change. A National Community Based Flood Early Warning System has been constituted in the Philippines, allowing predictions and timely responses to viable storm events or flooding. With such equipment, outlooks with lead times of two to six months before the onset of an event may be possible6. Vector dispersion probabilities could also be monitored with such warning systems, allowing opportunities for putting interventions in place, thereby p reventing excessive illness and mortality during disease epidemics such as Malaria6. In terms of food production, these systems enable better timed planting and harvesting, opportunity for informed decision of alternative cultivar or crop use, better planned food storage check to future need, and preparation of alternative food procurement strategies in advance1. This would mean more efficient use of seeds, labour, and other household resources in farming and food procurement. Such systems also demonstrate the benefits of regional arrangements pooling resources. Regional management of early warning systems is much more effective in enhancing accommodative capacity than national management.Education and promotion of responsible environmental practices is also necessary, such as training of fishermen and women in sustainable fishing practices and farmers in sustainable land use practices. Land use plans and subsequent enforcement strategies can also be utilised to achieve less destr uctive environmental practices such as reducing deforestation. mangrove and coral systems should be protected to maintain their integrity. This can be achieved through discouraging pollution and restricting development in coastal areas. Controlled coastal development can also minimise exposure of people and property to coastal erosion and inundation.Relocation programs have been applied in many states to varying degrees. common flooding and erosion necessitated 100 villagers in Lateu Vanuatu to be moved 600m from the coast to higher ground, while Carteret Islanders are being relocated to neighbouring Papua New Guinean island, Bougainville, in response to the excessive impacts of sea-levels rise. Reconstruction of groynes, building sand dune fences and beach renourishment (planting of trees along the coast) has also been used to protect the beach profile and mitigate the impact of coastal erosion on communities.Building national and regional adaptative capacity and providing furthe r options for adaptation is an important component of many SIDS adaptive programs. This involves strengthening institutions, policies and regulations and linking adaptive strategies with sustainable development. Hence, many SIDS have identified investment into renewable and non-polluting energy systems as a priority. This would not only reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions, but would promote long-term energy security.ROLE OF DEVELOPED NATIONS registrationThe low emission levels of SIDS means their policy actions are primarily focused on adaptation. However, these countries do not have the capacity to fully fund the required adaptation. The World patois has estimated adaptation in developing countries to require between US$10 billion and US$40 billion. Additional resources, including finances and technological knowledge, are therefore required from the global corporation to facilitate SIDS in building their capacity to adapt to a changing climate and develop sus tainably.Currently there is no specific fund which addresses the concerns of SIDS in relation to Climate Change. However global funding sources are available to assist with the costs associated with adaptation. The Adaption Fund, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and The Special Climate Change Fund provide fiscal support for projects aimed at reducing vulnerability while increasing adaptive capacities to the adverse effects of climate change. This is generally achieved through technology transfer, economic diversification, investments in non-polluting, efficient and renewable energy and sustainable development with regards to energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. For SIDS also considered to be LDCs, the Least Developed Countries Fund, established under the UNFCCC is also available with associated National Adaption Programs of Action. These programs of action combine sustainable development and adaption objectives, focusing on water resources, f ood security and agriculture, disaster preparedness and risk management, coastal zone management and infrastructure, natural resources management and community level adaptation.Some adaptation programs are targeted at multiple countries (For example, the GEF-UNDP project Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human Health and the GEF-World Bank project on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean region ), while others are more specific in their application locality. In executing such adaption programs, it is essential the international intervention is sensitive to the local contexts and requirement of the target island state/s. Projects should ultimately aim to enhance national and region capacity for long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. Dependence on external helper must be carefully avoided as with implementation of ignorant hence potentially insidious strategies.Valuing traditional knowledge is a critical means of maxi mising the potential long-term benefits of projects and ensuring their suitability. For example, to assist food security despite erratic rainfall and cyclones farmers of Timor Island have developed their own varieties of major staple crops. Peru farmers provide another example, using an ancient irrigation draining system waru waru, or raised field agriculture, which makes it possible to incur into production the low-lying, flood-prone, poorly drained lands. The shallow canals provide moisture during droughts, drainage during the rainy season and also buffer against night-time frosts. The Zai technique in Burkina Faso also provides an example of a cost-effective adaptation measure to enhance productivity4. Farmers dig pits in the soil to collect organic material carried by the wind during the dry season, at the start of the rainy season farmers add organic matter from animals which attracts termite activity resulting in termite tunnels that can collect rain deep exuberant that it d oesnt evaporate, and thus increasing soil fertility. Incorporating local knowledge and practices into initiatives not only makes communities more likely to adopt adaptive strategies but they also have a greater chance of success due to being contextually appropriate.To ensure benefit maximisation, initiatives should be applied on a community level. Local stakeholders and community members should be involved in all stages of the project to ensure all of their ideas and concerns are incorporated into the design and implementation. Local involvement will also enhance capacity building and self-sufficiency of target communities. Positive examples of this occurring include in Bangledesh where volunteers have been trained to help in cyclone warning, evacuation, rescue, first aid emergency relief and the use of radio communication equipment4. The Caribbean Climate Change Centre was also established through the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change project, allowing climate ch ange concerns to be addressed locally.Despite the efforts of such projects further advances in adaptation capacity and technology transfer is still required. For full realization of benefits, climate change adaptation must be addressed in conjunction with developmental activities. Disaster preparedness, land-use planning, environmental conservation, coastal planning, and national plans for sustainable development complement the objectives of enhancing adaptive capacity. Hence this relationship should be reflected through relevant policies.MitigationClimate Change poses disproportionate impacts across the globe. While their greenhouse gas emissions are undistinguished compared to other countries, the future viability or even survival of many Small Island Developing States is severely threatened.High level emitters, especially developed nations such as Australia, therefore have a responsibility to reduce their contribution to Climate Change. Lobbying for such action is challenging fo r SIDS due to their international representation. SIDS are members of the negotiating coalition of developing countries, Group of 77 and China (G77/China). Unfortunately, some of the largest greenhouse gas emitters among developing countries are also members. Hence these countries present reluctance to reduce GHG emissions because of their development objectives. Further difficulties arise with members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) also being G77/China constituents. Short-term economic motivations of such countries would deter them from cutting greenhouse gas emissions, under the justification of common but differentiated responsibilities. Continuing emissions from these large developing countries directly threatens the viability of SIDS and compromises their power in inflicting necessary change among high emitting developed nations. This variance between developing country negotiating partners therefore must be overcome, to protect the existence of Sma ll Island Developing States.CONCLUSIONThe effects of Climate Change continue to augment with historic greenhouse emissions presenting now unavoidable consequences and action to mitigate excessive global emissions proving inadequate. In comparison to developed and other developing nations, the 51 Small Island Developing States contribute minimally to global greenhouse emissions, yet incongruously it is these nations that are projected to experience the superior adversity from resulting changes in climate. These countries already endure water and food security and human health issues, with characteristics such as remoteness, limited resources and small physical size and population compromising their development, especially in a sustainable sense. Hence, these countries have a low adaptive capacity with instability in climatic events only going further their socio-economic issues and in some cases, the continued existence of such island states is seriously under threat.Given their lim ited resources for action, Small Island Developing States require assistance from the international community in terms of both Climate change mitigation and adaption. With their low emission, SIDS have low mitigation potential. Hence, high greenhouse gas emitters must take responsibility to improve their environmentally hazardous practices for the global good. Financial and technical support can also be provided by developed countries to enhance the adaptive capacity and overall resilience of SIDS. Existing funding programs and frameworks should be extended and a specific fund for SIDS established (similar to the LDS fund), to achieve the necessary but exorbitant costs of adaptation. Most importantly however, international intervention must be contextually sensitive and employ local involvement and knowledge to ensure legitimate capacity building, resilience and self-sufficiency of Small Island Developing States.